Estratégias de opções binárias Rio Grande: Diário de negociação forex xls

[OT] Foglio Excel. Calcolo della retribuzione netta.

Strumenti Discussione.

[OT] Foglio Excel. Calcolo della retribuzione netta.

Ho cominciato ad impostare un foglio Excel per il calcolo della retribuzione netta di un lavoratore dipendente o collaboratore parasubordinato a partire dal lordo.

Inserida le aliquote dell'adicionalisionale regionale IRPEF Inserida a possibilidade de escanear a alíquota contributiva a carico del dipendente.

Corretto errore sull'aliquota 9,49% Ripristinato il meccanismo di scelta della regione.

Corretto il calcolo dell'addizionale IRPEF para a Regione Lombardia.

Aggiunte le detrazioni per familiari a carico Aggiunte a deduzione dei contributi previdenziali a carico del dipendente.

E 'troppo di dettaglio ed inofensivo cercare di fare formule, quantomeno e giusto saperlo.

nota: tra l'altro funziona perfettamente com escritório aberto, dato che io uso quello.

ah, dimenticavo: puro bollino verde da parte mia.

Questo campo mi и ancora più oscuro di quello dei dipendenti. Accetto contributi.

ti metto alcuni link, com código de acesso, arquivo de dados, arquivo de banco de dados no formato testo o magari, meglio ancora su xls.

Per contai non contiene macro n funzioni particolari.

Questo campo mi и ancora più oscuro di quello dei dipendenti. Accetto contributi.

regioni - max 3 scaglioni) rispetto ai comuni.

Sono d'accordo, anche se, tutto sommato per le aliquote regionali e tratta solo di 20 regioni (e a gestão da eccezioni regionali não é insormontabile, sempre che voglia em futuro implementarla). lo scoglio maggiore erano proprio gli 8800 comuni.

Quanto mais rico, mais crenças, mais informações sobre o feedback útil, mais informações sobre o esordio di thread.

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Numéro de clearing des banques suisses.

Les banques / établissements sont subdivisés en groupes bancaires, soit actuellement:

01000 = BNS / Banque nationale suisse.

05000 = Grupo Credit Suisse.

06000 = banques régionales du RBA-Holding.

08000 = banques Raiffeisen, établissements isolés.

Pour télécharger le fichier actuel des numéro de clearing bancaire de toutes les banques Suisse voi li lien: bcbankenstamm_f (fichier. xls certifié sans virus!)

Forex AVAFX possibilité de trader sur les matières premières et les titres des bourses européennes et américaines.

Forex trading ouverte à ouverture de compte à partie de 100 $ US.

O numero de compensação é apresentado no número de ordem de IBAN lien: Comment trouver votre numéro IBAN.

Le numero de clearing vous sera demand le lors de paiements qui vous viendront de l & rsquo;

Entrée sur Suisse-blog. ch:

numero de clearing clearing ubs clearing banque numéro bc ubs raiffeisen clearing bancaire.

Sur le même thème.

Artigos relatifs.

Outlet pour trouver le numéro IBAN (0) Número de referências: IBAN expliqué (0) Época: des milliers d'employés menacés de mise à pied dans les grandes banques (0) Surpresa: les Romands deviennent propriétaires (0) Principaux sièges du Credit Suisse dans le monde (1)

Profil annuler.

En france, le no de clearing é o código établissement. (5 chiffres).

Pour recevoir des offres personnalisées des banques, ce que ne fait pas un simple comparateur, il existe aussi icibanques pour comparer et changer de banque.

Bom dia! J 's aimerai savoir mon N ° de compensação pour Paypal.

A partir de MasterCard Pré-pago com UBS. (Suisse) E je sais pas quo faire, je dois mettre quoi? Merci

O NÚMERO DE COMPENSAÇÃO EST O GÉNÉRALEMENT LE NUMÉRO DE CLEARING & # 8230; JE LE PENSE & gt; * - * & lt;

Se você é especialista, honrar e honrar a moral, você pode dispensá-lo e ajudá-lo a se envolver com as responsabilidades dos seus pais e seus colegas de trabalho de urgência para os seus negócios. Email: danielkurkdjian43 @ gmail.

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Num & eacute; ro de desbaste de banquetas suisses - 163 090 pistas Em primeiro lugar, em outro lugar do mundo IBAN - 67 806 visualizações Nos amis les chats sont bien marrant - 64 552 visualizações Dailymotion: Vídeos e de Leões - 42 461 vue iPhone 5G quand Apple pr & eacute; voit-il sa sortie? - 40 798 exibições Quarto e sala de jantar com dez lugares mais Federer - 29 115 quartos Centro de bem-estar e café da manhã 2012: Todos os dias de viagem e excursão - eu mostrarei Hollande - 28 191 visualizações La mousse au Toblerone - 27 231 visualizações Vid & eacute; B & eacute; b & eacute ;: fou rire dailymotion - 25 445 vue Vídeos & humor; o humor: Roger Federer fait de la guitare avec sa raquette - 22 111 vues.

Ventes à très bon prix.

Serviço de venda privada (outlets) avec des prix cassés.

Inscrivez-vous et profitez directement d'un bon de 15.- CHF sur votre premier achat.

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Nicefiller dans Actualité: Rick Santorum quitte la course des elections primaires américaines espionner un téléphone gratuitement dans Espionner son prochain: un jeu d & enfant dermer89 dans Vacances pas cher & # 8211; vol + hôtel ScotX dans Vidéo: Os bonbons para patins gonzalo bertina em Números de limpeza dos banques suisses.

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Partenaires.

Pesquisa Trienal do Banco Central sobre os mercados de câmbio e derivativos de balcão em 2016.

Atualizado em 11 de dezembro de 2016.

A negociação em mercados de câmbio (FX) teve uma média de US $ 5,1 trilhões por dia em abril de 2016, de acordo com a Pesquisa Tri-2013 do Banco Central dos mercados de derivativos de balcão e over-the-counter (OTC). Isso está abaixo dos US $ 5,4 trilhões em abril de 2013. O câmbio à vista caiu pela primeira vez desde 2001, mesmo com a atividade de derivativos cambiais aumentando. A negociação de derivativos de taxas de juros no mercado de balcão teve uma média de US $ 2,7 trilhões por dia em abril de 2016, acima dos US $ 2,3 trilhões em abril de 2013.

Navegue e baixe dados.

Os resultados da parte do turnover do Triennial Survey estão disponíveis no BIS Statistics Explorer e no BIS Statistics Warehouse. O conjunto completo de dados no volume de negócios pode ser baixado em um único arquivo CSV.

Os resultados das pesquisas nacionais também estão disponíveis nos sites dos bancos centrais e outras autoridades que participaram da pesquisa.

Mais Informações.

Os resultados da Pesquisa Trienal de 2016 estão resumidos em comentários sobre o volume de negócios de câmbio e o volume de negócios da taxa de juros. Análises detalhadas serão publicadas na edição de dezembro de 2016 da Revisão Trimestral do BIS.

A Pesquisa Trienal complementa as pesquisas regionais mais frequentes conduzidas por comitês de câmbio na Austrália, Canadá, Londres, Nova York, Cingapura e Tóquio, bem como a pesquisa semestral dos mercados de derivativos de balcão, coordenada pelo BIS.

O custo da China: O crescimento do déficit comercial dos EUA com a China custou mais de 2,7 milhões de empregos entre 2001 e 2011, com perdas de empregos em todos os estados.

Briefing Paper # 345.

Desde que a China entrou na Organização Mundial do Comércio em 2001, o extraordinário crescimento do comércio entre a China e os Estados Unidos teve um efeito dramático sobre os trabalhadores americanos e a economia doméstica, embora em nenhum dos casos esse efeito tenha sido benéfico. Os Estados Unidos estão acumulando dívidas externas e perdendo capacidade de exportação, e o crescente déficit comercial com a China tem sido um dos principais contribuintes para a crise no emprego manufatureiro dos EUA. Entre 2001 e 2011, o déficit comercial com a China eliminou ou deslocou mais de 2,7 milhões de empregos nos EUA, dos quais mais de 2,1 milhões (76,9%) estavam na indústria. Esses empregos de manufatura perdida são responsáveis por mais da metade de todos os empregos de manufatura dos EUA perdidos ou deslocados entre 2001 e 2011.

Quadro Suplementar A: Empregos deslocados devido a déficits comerciais dos EUA com a China, por distrito congressional, 2001–2011 (classificados por parcela de empregos deslocados) [PDF] [Excel]

Quadro Suplementar B: Empregos deslocados devido a déficits comerciais dos EUA com a China, por distrito congressional, 2001–2011 (classificados por distrito estadual e congressional) [PDF] [Excel]

Tabela suplementar C: Comércio dos EUA com a China, por setor, de 2001 a 2011 [PDF] [Excel]

Os mais de 2,7 milhões de empregos perdidos ou deslocados em todos os setores incluem 662.100 empregos entre 2008 e 2011 - embora as importações da China e do resto do mundo tenham caído em 2009. (As importações da China se recuperaram e ultrapassaram o pico de 2008). O crescente déficit comercial com a China custou empregos em todos os 50 estados e no Distrito de Colúmbia e Porto Rico, bem como em cada distrito do Congresso.

Entre as indústrias específicas, o déficit comercial da indústria de computadores e produtos eletrônicos cresceu mais e 1.064.800 empregos foram deslocados, 38,8% do total de 2001 a 2011. Como resultado, muitos dos distritos congressionais mais atingidos estavam na Califórnia, Texas, Oregon, Massachusetts, Colorado e Minnesota, onde os empregos nessa indústria estão concentrados. Alguns distritos da Carolina do Norte, Geórgia e Alabama também foram especialmente atingidos pelo deslocamento de empregos em diversas indústrias manufatureiras, incluindo computadores e produtos eletrônicos, têxteis e vestuário e móveis.

Mas o impacto no emprego do déficit comercial da China não se restringe à perda de emprego e deslocamento. A concorrência com trabalhadores de baixa renda de países menos desenvolvidos, como a China, reduziu os salários dos trabalhadores da indústria norte-americana e reduziu os salários e o poder de barganha de trabalhadores semelhantes, sem formação universitária, em toda a economia. A população afetada inclui essencialmente todos os trabalhadores com menos de um diploma universitário de quatro anos - cerca de 70% da força de trabalho, ou cerca de 100 milhões de trabalhadores (US Census Bureau 2012b).

Em outras palavras, para um típico ganhador de salário médio em tempo integral, as perdas de rendimentos devido à globalização totalizaram aproximadamente US $ 1.400 por ano a partir de 2006 (Bivens, 2008a). Para um lar típico com dois ganhadores, o custo anual é de mais de US $ 2.500. A China é a fonte mais importante de pressão salarial do comércio com os países menos desenvolvidos porque paga salários muito baixos e porque seus produtos constituem uma parcela tão grande das importações dos EUA (a China era responsável por 55,3% das importações não-petrolíferas dos EUA). países menos desenvolvidos em 2011).

Estas conclusões sobre o impacto do comércio de empregos com a China surgem das seguintes conclusões específicas deste estudo:

A maioria dos empregos perdidos ou deslocados pelo comércio com a China entre 2001 e 2011 foi de indústrias manufatureiras (mais de 2,1 milhões de empregos, ou 76,9%). Dentro da manufatura, as importações em rápido crescimento de computadores e produtos eletrônicos (incluindo computadores, peças, semicondutores e equipamentos de áudio e vídeo) representaram 54,9% do aumento de US $ 217,5 bilhões no déficit comercial dos EUA com a China entre 2001 e 2011. O crescimento deste déficit contribuiu para a eliminação de 1.064.800 empregos nos EUA em produtos de informática e eletrônicos neste período. De fato, em 2011, o déficit comercial total dos EUA com a China foi de US $ 301,6 bilhões - dos quais US $ 139,3 bilhões em produtos de informática e eletrônicos. O comércio global de produtos de tecnologia avançada - frequentemente discutido como fonte de vantagem comparativa para os Estados Unidos - é, em vez disso, dominado pela China. Essa ampla categoria de produtos de tecnologia de ponta inclui os elementos mais avançados da indústria de computadores e produtos eletrônicos, bem como outros setores, como biotecnologia, ciências biológicas, aeroespacial e tecnologia nuclear. Em 2011, os Estados Unidos registraram um déficit de US $ 109,4 bilhões em produtos de tecnologia avançada com a China, responsável por 36,3% do total do déficit comercial EUA-China. Em contraste, os Estados Unidos tiveram um superávit de US $ 9,7 bilhões em produtos de tecnologia avançada com o resto do mundo em 2011. Outros setores industriais afetados pelos crescentes déficits comerciais com a China entre 2001 e 2011 incluem vestuário e acessórios (211.200 empregos), fábricas têxteis e fábricas de produtos têxteis (106.200), produtos de metal fabricados (120.600), móveis e utensílios (80.700), plásticos e produtos de borracha (57.600), veículos automotores e peças (19.800) e diversos produtos manufaturados (111.800). Vários setores de serviços também foram duramente atingidos por perdas indiretas de empregos, incluindo serviços administrativos, de suporte e de gestão de resíduos (160.600) e serviços profissionais, científicos e técnicos (145.000). Os mais de 2,7 milhões de empregos perdidos ou desalojados pelo déficit comercial com a China entre 2001 e 2011 foram distribuídos entre os 50 estados, o Distrito de Colúmbia e Porto Rico, com as maiores perdas líquidas ocorrendo na Califórnia (474.700 empregos), Texas. (239.600), Nova Iorque (158.800), Illinois (113.700), Carolina do Norte (110.300), Flórida (106.100), Pensilvânia (101.200), Ohio (95.900), Massachusetts (92.700) e Geórgia (87.300). Empregos deslocados devido a déficits crescentes com a China igualaram ou excederam 2,2% do total de empregos nos 12 estados mais afetados: New Hampshire (20.400 empregos perdidos ou desalojados, igual a 2,94% do total de empregos públicos), Califórnia (474.700, 2.87%) , Massachusetts (92.700, 2.86 por cento), Oregon (50.200, 2.85 por cento), Carolina do Norte (110.300, 2.67 por cento), Minnesota (72.300, 2.66 por cento), Idaho (18.200, 2.65 por cento), Vermont (8.000, 2.43 por cento), Colorado (57,800, 2,38 por cento), Texas (239,600, 2,26 por cento), Rhode Island (11,800, 2,24 por cento) e Alabama (43,900, 2,20 por cento). Os distritos congressionais mais atingidos estavam concentrados em estados que estavam fortemente expostos aos crescentes déficits comerciais da China em produtos de informática e eletrônicos e outras indústrias, como móveis, têxteis, vestuário e manufatura de bens duráveis. Os três distritos congressionais mais duramente atingidos estavam todos localizados no Vale do Silício, na Califórnia, incluindo o 15º (Condado de Santa Clara, que perdeu 44,7 mil empregos, equivalente a 13,77% de todos os empregos no distrito), o 14º (Palo Alto e cidades próximas, 32.700 empregos, 10,20 por cento) e 16 (San Jose e outras partes do condado de Santa Clara, 29.000 empregos, 9,55 por cento). Dos 20 principais distritos mais atingidos, sete na Califórnia (em ordem de classificação, 15, 14, 16, 13, 31, 34 e 50), quatro no Texas (31, 10, 25 e 3), dois estavam na Carolina do Norte (4º e 10º), dois em Massachusetts (5º e 3º) e um em Oregon (1º), Geórgia (9º), Colorado (4º), Minnesota (1º) e Alabama (5º). . Cada um desses distritos perdeu pelo menos 11.400 empregos, ou mais de 3,7% do total de empregos.

As estimativas de deslocamento de trabalho neste estudo são conservadoras. Incluem apenas os empregos diretos e indiretos deslocados pelo comércio e excluem os empregos no comércio interno grossista e retalhista ou na publicidade; Elas também excluem o novo emprego.1 No entanto, durante a Grande Recessão de 2007-2009, e continuando até 2011, os empregos deslocados pelo comércio da China reduziram os salários e os gastos, o que levou a novas perdas de emprego.

Introdução: Altas expectativas participaram da entrada da China na OMC.

O sistema de comércio internacional de hoje surgiu dos acordos de Bretton Woods negociados entre as nações aliadas em julho de 1944. Bretton Woods estabeleceu regras para as relações financeiras entre os signatários e estabeleceu o Fundo Monetário Internacional e o Banco Mundial. Uma subsequente Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Comércio e Emprego produziu o Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio (GATT) em 1947. O tratado do GATT estabeleceu o sistema de comércio internacional, que evoluiu como uma série de negociações comerciais globais que refinaram as regras do sistema enquanto abaixavam progressivamente. tarifas e barreiras não-tarifárias. A Rodada Uruguai, que durou de setembro de 1986 até dezembro de 1993, levou à criação, em 1994, da Organização Mundial do Comércio, uma instituição encarregada de resolver divergências entre nações sobre as regras acordadas no GATT.

A Organização Mundial do Comércio foi autorizada a participar na resolução de litígios e autorizar a imposição de deveres de compensação se as suas decisões fossem ignoradas ou rejeitadas pelos governos membros. Ele expandiu a cobertura do sistema comercial para incluir uma enorme variedade de assuntos nunca incluídos em acordos comerciais, como padrões de segurança alimentar, leis ambientais, políticas de serviços sociais, padrões de propriedade intelectual, regras de compras governamentais e muito mais (Wallach e Woodall 2011).

Com o passar do tempo, os países que não faziam parte do grupo original do GATT buscaram entrar na OMC para obter melhor acesso ao mercado para seus produtos a níveis tarifários mais baixos, e para incentivar o desenvolvimento de suas indústrias de bens comercializados.

Defensores da entrada da China na OMC freqüentemente alegaram que ela criaria empregos nos Estados Unidos, aumentaria as exportações dos EUA e melhoraria o déficit comercial com a China. Em 2000, o presidente Clinton afirmou que o acordo então negociado para permitir a entrada da China na OMC “cria um resultado benéfico para ambos os países”. As exportações para a China “agora suportam centenas de milhares de empregos americanos”, e esses números “podem crescer”. substancialmente com o novo acesso ao mercado chinês, o acordo da OMC cria ”, disse ele (Clinton 2000, 9-10).

A entrada da China na OMC em 2001 deveria colocá-la em conformidade com um regime com base em regras que exigiria que a China abrisse seus mercados para importações dos Estados Unidos e de outras nações, reduzindo tarifas e abordando barreiras não-tarifárias ao comércio. . Os promotores do comércio liberalizado dos EUA-China argumentaram que os Estados Unidos se beneficiariam devido ao aumento das exportações para um grande e crescente mercado consumidor na China. Os Estados Unidos também negociaram uma série de medidas especiais de salvaguarda destinadas a limitar os efeitos perturbadores do aumento das importações da China sobre os produtores domésticos.

No entanto, como resultado da manipulação da moeda chinesa e outras práticas que distorcem o comércio, incluindo amplos subsídios, barreiras legais e ilegais às importações, dumping e supressão de salários e direitos trabalhistas, o fluxo previsto de exportações dos EUA para a China não ocorreu. Além disso, o acordo estimulou o investimento estrangeiro direto em empresas chinesas, que expandiu o setor manufatureiro da China às custas dos Estados Unidos. Finalmente, o núcleo do acordo não incluiu quaisquer proteções para manter ou melhorar os padrões trabalhistas ou ambientais ou para proibir a manipulação de moeda.

Em retrospectiva, as promessas sobre empregos e exportações deturparam os efeitos reais do comércio na economia americana: o comércio leva tanto à criação de empregos quanto à perda ou deslocamento de empregos. (Este artigo descreve o efeito líquido do comércio no emprego como empregos “perdidos ou deslocados”, com os termos “perdido” e “deslocados” usados de forma intercambiável.) Aumentos nas exportações dos EUA tendem a criar empregos nos Estados Unidos, mas aumentos nas importações Isso levará à perda de emprego - destruindo empregos existentes e impedindo a criação de novos empregos - à medida que as importações substituam bens que, de outra forma, teriam sido feitos nos Estados Unidos por trabalhadores domésticos. Foi o que ocorreu com a China desde que entrou na OMC; o crescente déficit comercial dos Estados Unidos com a China está custando empregos nos EUA.

A manipulação de moeda é uma das principais causas do déficit comercial.

Uma das principais causas do crescente déficit comercial dos EUA com a China é a manipulação cambial. Diferentemente de outras moedas, o yuan chinês não flutua livremente em relação ao dólar.2 Em vez disso, a China atrelou sua moeda ao dólar americano a uma taxa que estimula um grande superávit comercial bilateral com os Estados Unidos.

À medida que a produtividade da China disparou, sua moeda deveria ter ajustado, aumentando em valor para manter o comércio equilibrado. Mas o yuan permaneceu artificialmente baixo, já que a China adquiriu agressivamente dólares e outras reservas cambiais para deprimir ainda mais o valor de sua própria moeda. (Para depreciar o valor de sua própria moeda, um governo pode vender sua própria moeda e comprar títulos do governo, como títulos do Tesouro americano, o que aumenta suas reservas.) A China teve que comprar US $ 337 bilhões em títulos do Tesouro dos EUA entre dezembro de 2010 e somente dezembro de 2011 para manter a atrelagem ao dólar norte-americano (Fundo Monetário Internacional 2012a). Em 30 de junho de 2012, a China detinha um total de US $ 3,24 trilhões em reservas cambiais (Bloomberg News 2012), dos quais cerca de 70% eram mantidos em dólares americanos. Essa intervenção torna o yuan artificialmente barato em relação ao dólar, efetivamente subsidiando as exportações chinesas.

Embora o yuan tenha apreciado significativamente desde 2005, o economista H. W. Brock (2012) estima que a moeda chinesa ainda está maciçamente desvalorizada, e é “possivelmente um sexto do que deveria ser” # 8221; (Miller 2012) .3 Uma nova pesquisa feita por Joe Gagnon (2012, 3) estima que a manipulação massiva da moeda, especialmente por países da Ásia, elevou “a conta corrente das economias em desenvolvimento em cerca de US $ 700 bilhões [por ano], teria sido. ”Gagnon também observa que essa“ quantia é aproximadamente equivalente às grandes diferenças de produção nos Estados Unidos e na área do euro. Em outras palavras, milhões de americanos e europeus seriam empregados se outros países não manipulassem suas moedas ... ”(Gagnon, 2012, p. 1). A China é o manipulador monetário mais importante, com base tanto na sua enorme intervenção cambial na última década quanto em sua participação nos superávits em conta corrente global.4 A intervenção cambial aumenta artificialmente o custo das exportações dos EUA para a China e o resto do mundo por um semelhante. quantidade, tornando os produtos norte-americanos menos competitivos naquele país e em todos os países onde as exportações dos EUA competem com os produtos chineses. Isto porque a China é o concorrente mais importante dos Estados Unidos em todos os outros mercados de países terceiros, ainda mais importante do que a Alemanha e todos os outros membros da União Europeia juntos.

A manipulação cambial da China obrigou outros países a seguir políticas semelhantes, a fim de proteger sua competitividade relativa e promover suas próprias exportações. A manipulação generalizada da moeda também contribuiu para o crescimento de desequilíbrios muito grandes em conta corrente global (o saldo em conta corrente de um país é a medida mais ampla de sua balança comercial; atualmente, há muitos países com grandes superávits ou déficits). Gagnon recomenda que as regras da OMC sejam alteradas para permitir que os países imponham tarifas sobre as importações de manipuladores de moeda. Como mudar as regras da OMC requer o consentimento unânime de todos os membros, Gagnon observa que “os principais alvos da manipulação da moeda - os Estados Unidos e a zona do euro - podem ter que ser duros. Uma estratégia seria tributar ou restringir de outro modo as compras de activos financeiros dos EUA e da área do euro por manipuladores de moeda & # 8221; (Gagnon 2012, 1). Tais impostos financeiros seriam “consistentes com o direito internacional” (Gagnon 2011).

Um relatório recente mostrou que a reavaliação total do yuan e de outras desvalorizadas moedas asiáticas melhoraria o saldo em conta corrente dos EUA em até US $ 190,5 bilhões, aumentando o PIB dos EUA em US $ 285,7 bilhões, somando 2,25 milhões de empregos nos EUA, e reduzindo o desemprego. déficit orçamentário federal em até US $ 857 bilhões em 10 anos (Scott 2011a). A reavaliação também ajudaria os trabalhadores na China e em outros países asiáticos, reduzindo o superaquecimento inflacionário e aumentando o poder de compra dos trabalhadores.

Também beneficiaria outros países. A desvalorização do yuan colocou o peso das pressões globais de realinhamento de conta corrente em outros países, como Austrália, Nova Zelândia, África do Sul e Brasil, juntamente com membros da zona do euro, cujas moedas também se tornaram supervalorizadas em relação àquelas do yuan. China e outros manipuladores de moeda.

Soluções de política disponíveis para lidar com a manipulação de moeda.

Um número crescente de economistas, trabalhadores, membros do Congresso, empresas e comunidades estão pedindo maior ação na manipulação da moeda. A Reforma da Moeda Ryan-Murphy para a Lei do Comércio Justo (HR 2378) foi aprovada pela Câmara dos Representantes em 29 de setembro de 2010 (OpenCongress 2012), perto do final do 111º Congresso.5 Recebeu uma margem de aprovação de 80%. voto de 348-79, com seis abstenções. No 112º Congresso, o Senado aprovou uma lei semelhante, a Lei de Reforma da Supervisão da Taxa de Câmbio de 2011 (S. 1619), de autoria do Senador Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio), por uma margem de 63–25 (Thomas 2012) . Uma medida semelhante foi introduzida na Câmara em 2011 pelo deputado Sander Levin com 234 co-patrocinadores, mas está sendo sustentada pela liderança da Câmara. Essas leis reviam o Ato Tarifário de 1930 para incluir um “subsídio passível de compensação” que permitiria a imposição de tarifas sobre algumas importações de países com “moeda fundamentalmente subvalorizada”. Há forte apoio bipartidário para tal legislação no Congresso.

Recentemente, vários economistas condenaram a manipulação da moeda e desenvolveram propostas políticas inovadoras para combatê-la. Paul Krugman denunciou a China por suas políticas comerciais “predatórias” (Krugman, 2010). Fred Bergsten descreveu a intervenção cambial da China como a "maior medida de proteção adotada por qualquer país desde a Segunda Guerra Mundial - e, provavelmente, em toda a história" # 8221; (Palmer 2011). Joseph Gagnon e Gary Hufbauer (2011) desenvolveram uma proposta para tributar os ativos chineses nos Estados Unidos. Eles recomendam a retenção de uma parte das receitas dos pagamentos de juros sobre títulos do Tesouro dos EUA em poder do banco central da China. Existem dois problemas com esta proposta. Em primeiro lugar, como as taxas de juros dos títulos dos EUA são muito baixas atualmente, um imposto teria pouco impacto na China. Mas o problema fundamental é que a China não está mantendo e comprando ativos dos EUA (a uma taxa de cerca de US $ 1 bilhão por dia) para obter juros sobre esses investimentos; essas compras são feitas simplesmente para suprimir o valor do yuan chinês.

Daniel Gros (2010) desenvolveu uma proposta inovadora e alternativa que vai diretamente ao mecanismo de manipulação cambial. Ele recomenda que os Estados Unidos, o Japão e os países europeus “invoquem o princípio de reciprocidade [da OMC] e declarem que limitarão as vendas da dívida pública doravante de modo a incluir apenas instituições oficiais de países nos quais elas próprias podem comprar e vender. Como a China mantém controles rígidos de capital, outros bancos centrais não têm permissão para comprar ou manter dívida chinesa (o que é em parte porque a China é capaz de manipular o valor de sua moeda). Gros simplesmente proibiria as compras chinesas de dívida dos EUA. Gros (2010) afirma: “Nenhuma instituição financeira respeitável ousaria se tornar um intermediário oculto para os chineses ... já que teria que certificar às autoridades americanas que o beneficiário não é de um país no qual os estrangeiros não podem comprar e manter a dívida pública. Gros observa que essa forma de controle de capital é “perfeitamente legal” sob as regras do FMI porque, “em contraste com a área de comércio, não há restrições legais sobre as imposições de controles de capital”.

Gagnon (2011) estima que muitos países em desenvolvimento estão manipulando suas moedas. Dados do FMI mostram que os bancos centrais estrangeiros estão gastando cerca de US $ 1,2 trilhão por ano comprando reservas em moeda estrangeira, com a China fazendo cerca de metade das compras (segundo a análise do autor do FMI 2012a). Esses números excluem os fundos soberanos (SWFs), que muitos países usam para fazer investimentos em outros países; embora Gagnon reconheça que “o investimento estrangeiro por SWFs é claramente manipulação cambial”, ele exclui de seus cálculos “por enquanto” (Gagnon 2012, 4). Gagnon (2011) estima que as exportações líquidas dos EUA sejam US $ 400 bilhões menores do que seriam sem a manipulação da moeda, um número que suportaria três milhões ou mais de empregos por ano.

Outras leis, regulamentos e políticas ilegais também são responsáveis pelo grande déficit comercial dos EUA com a China.

A manipulação de moeda é uma prática que viola as regras do sistema de comércio internacional estabelecidas nos acordos do GATT e da OMC (Stewart e Drake, 2010). Outras políticas do governo chinês também incentivam ilegalmente as exportações. A China suprime extensivamente os direitos trabalhistas, o que reduz os custos de produção dentro da China. Um estudo da AFL-CIO estimou que a repressão dos direitos trabalhistas pelo governo chinês reduziu os salários industriais dos trabalhadores chineses em 47% a 86% (AFL-CIO, Cardin e Smith 2006, 138). A China também fornece maciços subsídios diretos à exportação para muitos setores-chave (ver, por exemplo, Haley 2008, 2009, 2012). Por fim, mantém barreiras estritas e não-tarifárias às importações. Como resultado, as exportações de US $ 398,5 bilhões da China para os EUA em 2011 foram quatro vezes maiores que as exportações dos EUA para a China, que somaram apenas US $ 96,9 bilhões (Tabela 1), tornando a relação comercial da China mais desequilibrada até agora. .

Comércio e deslocamento de empregos nos EUA e na China, 2001–2011.

* As exportações domésticas são bens produzidos nos Estados Unidos e excluem reexportações, ou seja, bens produzidos em outros países e enviados através dos Estados Unidos. O total de exportações, conforme relatado pela Comissão de Comércio Internacional dos EUA, inclui reexportações. As exportações totais foram estimadas em US $ 103,9 bilhões em 2011, e as reexportações dos EUA para a China representam 6,72% do total das exportações. As estimativas de emprego aqui apresentadas baseiam-se apenas nas exportações domésticas. Veja notas finais nove e 10 para detalhes adicionais.

Fonte: Análise do autor do Census Bureau dos EUA (2009), da Comissão de Comércio Internacional dos EUA (2012) e do Gabinete de Estatísticas do Emprego das Estatísticas do Emprego (2011a e 2011b). Para uma explicação mais detalhada das fontes de dados e cálculos, veja o Apêndice.

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Em parte porque o acordo aceitando a China na OMC não incluiu quaisquer proteções para manter ou melhorar os padrões trabalhistas ou ambientais, a entrada da China inclinou ainda mais o campo econômico internacional contra trabalhadores e firmas domésticos dos EUA e em favor de empresas multinacionais dos Estados Unidos e outros países, bem como exportadores estatais e privados na China. Essa mudança acelerou a “corrida para o fundo” global em salários e qualidade ambiental e fechou milhares de fábricas dos EUA, dizimando empregos em uma ampla gama de comunidades, estados e regiões inteiras dos Estados Unidos. Os interesses nacionais dos EUA sofreram, enquanto as multinacionais americanas obtiveram lucros recordes em seus investimentos estrangeiros diretos (Scott 2007, 2011b).

Algumas ações foram recentemente tomadas em resposta. Em setembro de 2009, o governo Obama anunciou que tomaria medidas para restringir as importações de pneus chineses por três anos sob as medidas especiais de salvaguarda, a primeira vez desde 2001 que essas medidas foram utilizadas.

Em setembro de 2010, a United Steelworkers (USW) entrou com uma petição da Seção 301 com o Representante de Comércio dos EUA, acusando a China de estimular e proteger ilegalmente as exportações de tecnologia verde, desde produtos de energia solar e eólica até baterias avançadas e veículos com eficiência energética. De fato, o déficit comercial dos EUA em produtos de energia limpa havia mais do que dobrado entre 2008 e 2010, deslocando mais de 8.000 empregos nos EUA somente em 2010 (Scott 2010). A petição de 2010 do USW detalha mais de 80 leis, regulamentos e práticas chinesas que violam os acordos comerciais internacionais e prejudicaram as indústrias norte-americanas de manufatura de energia limpa e de tecnologia verde.

Em julho de 2012, o governo Obama entrou com uma queixa na OMC contra a China sobre suas tarifas sobre grandes veículos exportados dos Estados Unidos para a China. Esta foi a sétima queixa apresentada pelo governo contra a China, e os seis anteriores foram todos bem sucedidos (Scott 2012).

Outro elo perdido crucial: investimento estrangeiro direto e terceirização.

Os proponentes de acordos comerciais, como o acordo para endossar a admissão da China na Organização Mundial do Comércio, geralmente concentram-se nos impactos desses acordos sobre as barreiras tarifárias e não-tarifárias ao comércio.7 A China concordou em fazer grandes reduções tarifárias como condição para entrar no mercado. OMC. O Presidente Clinton e muitos outros argumentaram que, como as barreiras tarifárias dos EUA já eram baixas, o acordo teria um efeito muito maior sobre as exportações norte-americanas para a China do que sobre as importações norte-americanas.

But proponents failed to consider the effect of China’s entry on foreign direct investment (FDI) and outsourcing. FDI has played a key role in the growth of China’s manufacturing sector. China is the largest recipient of FDI of all developing countries (Xing 2010) and is the third-largest recipient of FDI over the past three decades, trailing only the United States and the United Kingdom. Foreign-invested enterprises (both joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries) were responsible for 52.4 percent of China’s exports and 84.1 percent of its trade surplus in 2011 (Ministry of Commerce, China 2012). Outsourcing—through foreign direct investment in factories that make goods for export to the United States—has played a key role in the shift of manufacturing production and jobs from the United States to China since it entered the WTO in 2001. Foreign invested enterprises were responsible for the vast majority of China’s global trade surplus in 2011.

Failed expectations of a growing Chinese market for U. S. goods.

Another critically important promise made by the promoters of liberalized U. S.-China trade was that the United States would benefit because of increased exports to a large and growing consumer market in China. However, despite widespread reports of the rapid growth of the Chinese middle class, this growth has not resulted in a significant increase in U. S. consumer exports to China. The most rapidly growing exports to China are bulk commodities such as grains, scrap, and chemicals; intermediate products such as semiconductors; and producer durables such as aircraft and non-electrical machinery (see the discussion of Table 2 later in this paper, and Supplemental Table C to this report at epi/publication/bp345-china-growing-trade-deficit-cost/). Furthermore, the increase in U. S. exports to China since 2001 has been overwhelmed by the growth of U. S. imports, as discussed next.

Trade-distorting policies and unplanned-for investment shifts have combined to radically increase China’s share of the U. S. trade deficit.

The bottom line of the influences discussed above is this: As a result of China’s currency manipulation and other trade-distorting practices (including extensive subsidies, legal and illegal barriers to imports, dumping, and suppression of wages and labor rights), the increase in foreign direct investment in China and related growth of its manufacturing sector, and the absence of a growing market for U. S. consumer goods in China, the U. S. trade deficit with China rose from $84.1 billion in 2001 to $301.6 billion in 2011, an increase of $217.5 billion, as shown in Table 1. Since China entered the WTO in 2001, this deficit has increased annually by $21.7 billion, or 13.6 percent, on average.

Despite the collapse in world trade between 2008 and 2009 caused by the Great Recession, the U. S. trade deficit with China increased $31.2 billion between 2008 and 2011. China’s share of the overall U. S. trade deficit increased from 32.6 percent to 40.8 percent, and its share of the total U. S. non-oil trade deficit jumped from 69.6 percent in 2008 to 77.7 percent in 2011 (according to the author’s analysis of U. S. International Trade Commission 2012).

Unless China raises the real value of the yuan by at least a third and eliminates these other trade distortions, the U. S. trade deficit and related job losses will continue to grow rapidly. (Although China did respond to international pressure in the late 2000s and allowed some appreciation in the yuan, it was too little and too late to help arrest the widening U. S.-China trade gap.8)

Growing trade deficits and job losses.

Each $1 billion in exports to China from the United States supports some American jobs. However, each $1 billion in imports from China displaces the American workers who would have been employed making these products in the United States. The net employment effect of trade depends on the changes in the trade balance. An improving trade balance can support job creation, but growing trade deficits usually result in growing net U. S. job displacement. The United States has had large trade deficits with China since 2001, which increased in every year except 2009, when U. S. trade with all countries collapsed due to the recession of 2007–2009.

Trade and employment models.

The Economic Policy Institute and other researchers have examined the job impacts of trade in recent years by netting the job opportunities lost to imports against those gained through exports. This report uses standard input-output models and data to estimate the jobs displaced by trade. Many reports by economists in the public and private sectors have used an “all-but-identical” methodology to estimate jobs gained or displaced by trade, including Groshen, Hobijn, and McConnell (2005) of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and Bailey and Lawrence (2004) in the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. The U. S. Department of Commerce recently published estimates of the jobs supported by U. S. exports (Tschetter 2010). That study used input-output and “employment requirements” tables from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Office of Employment Projections (2011a), the same source used to develop job displacement estimates in this report. The Tschetter report represents the work of a panel of experts from 20 federal agencies, including Mark Doms, chief economist at the U. S. Department of Commerce, and David Walters, chief economist at the Office of the U. S. Trade Representative.

The employment impacts of the growing U. S. trade deficit with China are estimated in this paper using an input-output model that estimates the direct and indirect labor requirements of producing output in a given domestic industry. The model includes 195 U. S. industries, 77 of which are in the manufacturing sector (see the box titled “Trade and employment models,” as well as the Appendix, for details on model structure and data sources). The Bureau of Labor Statistics Office of Employment Projections (BLS–OEP) revised and updated its labor requirements model and related data in December 2011 (a; b). Our models have been completely revised and updated using the newest, best available data for this report.

The model estimates the amount of labor (number of jobs) required to produce a given volume of exports and the labor displaced when a given volume of imports is substituted for domestic output.9 The difference between these two numbers is essentially the jobs displaced by growing trade deficits, holding all else equal.

Jobs displaced by the growing China trade deficit are a net drain on employment in trade-related industries, especially those in manufacturing. Even if increases in demand in other sectors absorb all the workers displaced by trade (which is unlikely), job quality will likely suffer because many non-traded industries such as retail and home health care pay lower wages and have less comprehensive benefits than traded-goods industries.

U. S. exports to China in 2001 supported 169,400 jobs, but U. S. imports displaced production that would have supported 1,139,500 jobs, as shown in the bottom half of Table 1. Therefore, the $84.1 billion trade deficit in 2001 displaced 970,100 jobs in that year. Job displacement rose to 3,050,200 jobs in 2008 and 3,712,300 jobs in 2011.

Since China’s entry into the WTO in 2001 and through 2011, the increase in U. S.-China trade deficits eliminated or displaced 2,742,200 U. S. jobs, as shown in the bottom half of Table 1. Rising trade deficits have displaced a growing number of jobs every year since China joined the WTO, with the exception of 2009 (during the Great Recession), as shown in Figure A . The U. S. trade deficit with China increased by $31.2 billion (or 11.6 percent) between 2008 and 2011, and the number of jobs displaced increased by 21.7 percent. Meanwhile, the U. S. trade deficit with the rest of the world declined 19.3 percent between 2008 and 2011 (according to the author’s analysis of U. S. International Trade Commission 2012). These figures illustrate the damage done when China took advantage of the Great Recession to expand its beggar-thy-neighbor trade policies through currency manipulation and other illegal and unfair trade policies, which undermined job creation in the U. S. economy throughout the downturn.

Cumulative U. S. jobs displaced by growing trade deficits with China since 2001.

Source: Author's analysis of U. S. Census Bureau (2009), U. S. International Trade Commission (2012), and Bureau of Labor Statistics Office of Employment Projections (2011a and 2011b). For a more detailed explanation of data sources and computations, see the Appendix.

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Between 2008 and 2011 alone 662,100 jobs were lost, either by the elimination of existing jobs or by the prevention of new job creation (Figure A). On average, 274,200 jobs per year have been lost or displaced since China’s entry into the WTO (Table 1). The continuing growth of job displacement between 2008 and 2011 despite the relatively small increase in the trade deficit reflects the relatively rapid growth of U. S. imports of computer and electronics products from China, and the fact that the price index for most of these products fell continuously throughout the study period, as noted later in this paper. The share of U. S. imports from China accounted for by computer and electronic products (in current, nominal dollars) increased from 32.9 percent in 2008 to 37.4 percent in 2011 (according to the author’s analysis of USITC 2012).

Trade and jobs, by industry.

Change in U. S. trade with China, by industry, 2001–2011.

electromedical, and control.

* Excludes utilities, construction, and service sectors, which do not have trade in these data.

** Includes publishing industries (excluding Internet); goods trade in this sector is concentrated in NAICS 5111, Newspaper, periodical, book, and directory publishers .

Source: Author's analysis of U. S. International Trade Commission (2012). For a more detailed explanation of the data sources and computations, see the Appendix.

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The composition of imports from China is changing in fundamental ways, with serious implications for certain kinds of high-skill, high-wage jobs once thought to be the hallmark of the U. S. economy. China is moving rapidly “upscale,” from low-tech, low-skilled, labor-intensive industries such as apparel, footwear, and basic electronics to more capital - and skills-intensive sectors such as computers, electrical machinery, and motor vehicle parts. It has also developed a rapidly growing trade surplus in high-technology products.

From 2001 to 2011, imports from China increased dramatically, rising from $102.1 billion in 2001 to $398.5 billion in 2011, as shown in Table 1.10 Table 2 provides a snapshot of the changes in goods trade flows between 2001 and 2011, by sector, for exports, imports, and the trade balance. The rapid growth of the bilateral trade deficit in computer and electronic products (including computers, parts, semiconductors, and audio-video equipment) accounted for more than 54.9 percent of the $217.5 billion increase in the U. S. trade deficit with China between 2001 and 2011. In 2011, the total U. S. trade deficit with China was $301.6 billion—$139.3 billion of which was in computer and electronic products (trade flows by industry in 2001 and 2011 are shown in Supplemental Table C, available at epi/publication/bp345-china-growing-trade-deficit-cost/).

Table 2 shows that the growth in manufactured imports explained 99.2 percent of total growth in imports from China between 2001 and 2011, and included a wide array of products. Computer and electronic products were responsible for 42.1 percent of the growth in imports in this period, including computer equipment ($60.2 billion, or 20.3 percent of the overall growth in imports) and communications, audio, and video equipment ($46.4 billion, 15.6 percent). Other major importing sectors included apparel ($23.8 billion, 8.0 percent) and miscellaneous manufactured commodities ($22.7 billion, 7.7 percent).

U. S. exports to China rose rapidly from 2001 to 2011, but from a much smaller base, from $18.0 billion in 2001 to $96.9 billion in 2011 (as depicted in Table 1). As Table 2 shows, manufacturing was the top industry exporting to China—63.5 percent of the growth in exports to China between 2001 and 2011 was in manufactured goods, totaling $50.2 billion. Within manufacturing, key export-growth sectors included chemicals ($11.1 billion, or 14.0 percent of the growth in exports), aerospace products and parts ($3.8 billion, 4.8 percent), machinery ($7.9 billion, 10.0 percent), and motor vehicles and parts ($6.0 billion, 7.6 percent). Scrap and second-hand goods industries (which support no jobs, according to BLS–OEP 2011a models11) accounted for 13.2 percent ($10.4 billion) of the growth in exports. Agricultural exports, which were dominated by corn, soybeans, and other cash grains, grew faster than any individual manufacturing sector, increasing $15.8 billion (20.0 percent of the total increase) between 2001 and 2011. Nonetheless, the overall scale of U. S. exports to China in 2011 was dwarfed by imports from China in that year, which exceeded the value of exports by more than 4 to 1.

The data reflect China’s rapid expansion into higher-value-added commodities once considered strengths of the United States, such as computer and electronic products, which accounted for 37.4 percent ($149.2 billion) of U. S. imports from China in 2011. This growth is apparent in the shifting trade balance in advanced technology products (ATP), a broad category of high-end technology goods trade tracked by the U. S. Census Bureau.12 ATP includes the more advanced elements of the computer and electronic products industry as well as other sectors such as biotechnology, life sciences, aerospace, nuclear technology, and flexible manufacturing. The ATP sector includes some auto parts; China is now one of the top suppliers of auto parts to the United States, having recently surpassed Germany (Scott and Wething 2012).

In 2011, the United States had a $109.4 billion trade deficit with China in ATP, reflecting a nine-fold increase from $11.8 billion in 2002. This ATP deficit was responsible for 36.3 percent of the total U. S.-China trade deficit in 2011. It dwarfs the $9.7 billion surplus in ATP that the United States had with the rest of the world in 2011, the result of a 5.1 percent annual increase in U. S. ATP exports to the rest of the world between 2002 and 2011. As a result of the U. S. ATP deficit with China, the United States ran an overall deficit in ATP products in 2011 (of $99.6 billion), as it has in every year since 2002 (U. S. Census Bureau 2012c).

Net jobs created (+) or displaced (-) by U. S. trade with China, by industry, 2001–2011.

* Subcategory and category totals may not sum exactly due to rounding.

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Trade deficits are highly correlated with job loss or displacement by industry, as shown in Table 3 . Growing trade deficits with China eliminated 2,109,700 manufacturing jobs between 2001 and 2011, more than three-quarters (76.9 percent) of the total. By far the largest job displacements occurred in the computer and electronic products sector, which lost 1,064,800 jobs (38.8 percent of the more than 2.7 million jobs displaced overall). This sector includes computer and peripheral equipment (620,700 jobs, 22.6 percent of the overall jobs displaced), semiconductors and components (235,000 jobs, 8.6 percent), and communications, audio, and video equipment (203,500 jobs, 7.4 percent). Other hard-hit sectors included apparel and accessories (211,200 jobs displaced, equal to 7.7 percent of the total), textile mills and textile product mills (106,200, 3.9 percent), fabricated metal products (120,600, 4.4 percent), furniture and fixtures (80,700, 2.9 percent), plastics and rubber products (57,600, 2.1 percent), motor vehicles and parts (19,800, 0.7 percent), and miscellaneous manufacturing (111,800 jobs, 4.1 percent). Several service industries, which provide key inputs to traded-goods production, experienced significant job displacement, including administrative, support, and waste management services (160,600 jobs, 5.9 percent) and professional, scientific, and technical services (145,000 jobs, 5.3 percent).

These job displacement estimates are based on changes in the real value of exports and imports. For example, while the share of U. S. imports accounted for by computer and electronic products from China rose from 23.8 percent in 2001 to 37.4 percent in 2011 (to $149.2 billion), the average price indexes (deflators) for most of these products fell sharply between 2001 and 2011—28.9 percent on a trade-weighted basis. Thus, the real value of computer and electronic imports increased more than 10-fold in this period, rising from $19.5 billion to $198.5 billion in 2011 in constant 2005 dollars.13.

Job losses by state.

Growing trade deficits with China have reduced demand for goods produced in every region of the United States and led to job displacement in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, as shown in Table 4 and Figure B . ( Appendix Table 1 ranks the states by the number of net jobs displaced, while Appendix Table 2 presents the same data but sorts the states alphabetically.) Table 4 shows that jobs displaced from 2001 to 2011 due to growing deficits with China equaled or exceeded 2.2 percent of total state employment in states such as New Hampshire, California, Massachusetts, Oregon, North Carolina, Minnesota, Idaho, Vermont, Colorado, Texas, Rhode Island, and Alabama. As shown in Appendix Tables 1 and 2, nearly 475,000 jobs were lost in California, compared with nearly 240,000 in Texas, almost 159,000 in New York, and nearly 114,000 in Illinois. The more than 2.7 million U. S. jobs displaced due to growing trade deficits with China represented about 1.9 percent of total U. S. employment (Table 4).

Jobs displaced due to U. S. trade with China, by state, 2001–2011 (ranked by jobs displaced as share of state employment)

of state employment.

* Average state employment in 2005–2007. Analysis based on pooled, three-year time series data from the U. S. Census American Community Survey, as described in the Appendix.

** Total may vary slightly due to rounding.

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Jobs displaced due to U. S. trade with China as a share of state employment, 2001–2011.

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Figure B shows the broad impact of growing trade deficits with China across the United States, with no areas exempt. Job losses have been most concentrated in states with high-tech industries, such as California, Massachusetts, Oregon, Minnesota, Idaho, Colorado, and Texas, and in manufacturing states, including New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Vermont. Other hard-hit states include traditional manufacturing powers such as Rhode Island, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Wisconsin, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.

Job losses by congressional district.

This study also reports the employment impacts of growing trade deficits in every congressional district, including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. (Data for all 435 districts plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are shown in Supplemental Tables A and B posted online along with this report at epi/publication/bp345-china-growing-trade-deficit-cost/.) Because the computer and electronic products industry experienced the largest growth in trade deficits with China, many of the hardest-hit congressional districts were located in California, Texas, Oregon, Massachusetts, Colorado, and Minnesota, where remaining jobs in that industry are concentrated. Other states with hard-hit districts include North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, which suffered considerable job displacement in a variety of manufacturing industries.14.

The top 20 hardest-hit congressional districts are shown in Table 5 . Seven were in California, four were in Texas, two were in North Carolina, two were in Massachusetts, and one each was in Oregon, Georgia, Colorado, Minnesota, and Alabama. Each of these districts lost at least 11,400 jobs between 2001 and 2011, or more than 3.7 percent of its total jobs. These distributions reflect both the size of some states (e. g., California and Texas) and also the concentration of the industries hardest-hit by growing China trade deficits, such as computer and electronic products and other industries including furniture, textiles, apparel, and durable goods manufacturing.

Top 20 congressional districts hardest-hit by U. S. trade deficits with China (ranked by jobs displaced as share of district employment), 2001–2011.

share of district employment.

* Average congressional district employment in 2005–2007. Analysis based on pooled, three-year time series data from U. S. Census American Community Survey, as described in the Appendix.

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The three hardest-hit congressional districts were all located in Silicon Valley in California, including the 15th (Santa Clara County), the 14th (Palo Alto and nearby cities), and the 16th (San Jose and other parts of Santa Clara County).

Summing up trade’s overall employment and wage impact.

Growing trade deficits with China have clearly reduced domestic employment in traded-goods industries, especially in the manufacturing sector, which has been pummeled by plant closings and job losses. Workers from the manufacturing sector displaced by trade have had particular difficulty securing comparable employment elsewhere in the economy. Many have not been reemployed, and more than half of those reemployed have experienced a decline in wages. One-third experienced a wage decline of more than 20 percent, according to the most recent Bureau of Labor Statistics survey covering workers displaced from January 2007 to December 2009 (BLS 2010). Nearly two-thirds (61.3 percent) of displaced workers in manufacturing remained unemployed, including 16.7 percent who were not in the labor force. The average wage decline for those who were reemployed was 17.5 percent (Farber 2011, 21). The lost output of unemployed workers, especially that of labor force dropouts, can never be regained and is one of the largest costs of displacement to the economy as a whole.

Some economists and others have argued that job loss numbers extrapolated from trade flows are uninformative because aggregate employment levels in the United States are set by a broad range of macroeconomic influences, not just by trade flows.15 However, while the trade balance is but one of many variables affecting aggregate job creation, it plays a much larger role in explaining structural change in employment, especially in the manufacturing sector. Between December 2001 and December 2011, 3.9 million U. S. manufacturing jobs were lost (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012a). The growth of U. S. trade deficits with China was responsible for the displacement of more than 2.1 million manufacturing jobs in this period, or about 54 percent of manufacturing jobs lost.16.

The employment impacts of trade identified in this paper can be interpreted as the “all else equal” effect of trade on domestic employment. The Federal Reserve, for example, may decide to cut interest rates to make up for job losses stemming from deteriorating trade balances (or any other economic influence), leaving net employment unchanged. This, however, does not change the fact that trade deficits by themselves are a net drain on employment.

Many of the mechanisms that could offset employment losses caused by growing trade deficits are not operating in the current downturn. The Federal Reserve cannot cut interest rates any further than it already has, and interest-rate-sensitive industries such as residential construction are not experiencing employment gains from lower rates. In short, in today’s economy with its high unemployment rate, jobs displaced due to trade deficits with China are much more likely to be actual net, economy-wide losses than simply job reallocations.

Conclusão.

The growing U. S. trade deficit with China has displaced millions of jobs in the United States and contributed heavily to the crisis in U. S. manufacturing employment, which has heightened over the last decade largely due to trade with China. Moreover, the United States is piling up foreign debt, losing export capacity, and facing a more fragile macroeconomic environment.

Is America’s loss China’s gain? The answer is not clearly affirmative. China has become dependent on the U. S. consumer market for employment generation, suppressed the purchasing power of its own middle class with a weak currency, and, most important, now holds over $3 trillion in hard currency reserves instead of investing them in public goods that could benefit Chinese households. Although economic growth in China has been rapid, it is unbalanced and unsustainable. Its vast purchases of foreign exchange reserves have led to the overheating of its domestic economy, and inflation in China has accelerated rapidly in the recent past. Its repression of labor rights has suppressed wages, thereby artificially subsidizing exports. China’s economy is teetering on the edge between inflation and a growth slump, and a soft landing is nowhere in sight. China needs to rebalance its economy by becoming less dependent on exports and more dependent on domestic demand led by higher wages and infrastructure spending.

The U. S.-China trade relationship needs a fundamental change. Addressing the exchange rate policies and labor standards issues in the Chinese economy is an important first step. It is time for the administration to respond to the growing chorus of calls from economists, workers, businesses, and Congress and take action to stop illegal currency manipulation by China and other countries.

—The author thanks Ross Eisenbrey for comments, Hilary Wething for research assistance, Michael McCarthy and Patrick Watson for editing, and Dan Essrow for graphic design assistance.

—This research was made possible by support from the Alliance for American Manufacturing .

Metodologia.

The trade and employment analyses in this report are based on a detailed, industry-based study of the relationships between changes in trade flows and employment for each of approximately 195 individual industries of the U. S. economy, specially grouped into 53 custom sectors17 and using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) with data obtained from the U. S. Census Bureau (2009) and the U. S. International Trade Commission (USITC 2012).

This study separates exports produced domestically from foreign exports—which are goods produced in other countries, exported to the United States, and then re-exported from the United States. Because only domestically produced exports generate jobs in the United States, employment calculations here are based only on domestic exports. The measure of the net impact of trade used here to calculate the employment content of trade is the difference between domestic exports and consumption imports.

The number of jobs supported by $1 million of exports or imports for each of 195 different U. S. industries is estimated using a labor requirements model derived from an input-output table developed by the BLS–OEP (2011a).18 This model includes both the direct effects of changes in output (for example, the number of jobs supported by $1 million in auto assembly) and the indirect effects on industries that supply goods used in the manufacture of cars. The indirect impacts include jobs in auto parts, steel, and rubber, as well as service industries such as accounting, finance, and computer programming. This model estimates the labor content of trade using empirical estimates of labor content and trade flows between U. S. industries in a given base year (an input-output table for the year 2001 was used in this study) that were developed by the U. S. Department of Commerce and the BLS–OEP. It is not a statistical survey of actual jobs gained or lost in individual companies, or the opening or closing of particular production facilities (Bronfenbrenner and Luce 2004 is one of the few studies based on news reports of individual plant closings).

Nominal trade data used in this analysis were converted to constant 2005 dollars using industry-specific deflators (see next section for further details). This was necessary because the labor requirements table was estimated using price levels in that year. Data on real trade flows were converted to constant 2005 dollars using industry-specific price deflators from the BLS–OEP (2011b). These price deflators were updated using Bureau of Labor Statistics producer price indexes (industry and commodity data; Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012b). Use of constant 2005 dollars was required for consistency with the other BLS models used in this study.

Estimation and data sources.

Data requirements.

Step 1. U. S.-China trade data were obtained from the U. S. International Trade Commission DataWeb (U. S. International Trade Commission 2012) in four-digit, three-digit, and two-digit NAICS format. Consumption imports and domestic exports are downloaded for each year.

Step 2. To conform to the BLS Employment Requirements tables (BLS–OEP 2011a), trade data must be converted into the BLS industry classifications system. For NAICS-based data, there are 195 BLS industries. The data are then mapped from NAICS industries onto their respective BLS sectors.

The trade data, which are in current dollars, are deflated into real 2005 dollars using published price deflators from the BLS–OEP (2011b) and the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012b).

Step 3. Real domestic employment requirements tables are downloaded from the BLS (2011a). These matrices are input-output industry-by-industry tables that show the employment requirements for $1 million in outputs in 2005 dollars. So, for industry i the a ij entry is the employment indirectly supported in industry i by final sales in industry j and where i=j, the employment directly supported.

Step 1. Job equivalents.

BLS trade data are compiled into matrices. Let [ T 2001 ] be the 195×2 matrix made up of a column of imports and a column of exports for 2001. [ T 2011 ] is defined as the 195×2 matrix of 2011 trade data. Finally, [ T 2008 ] is defined as the 195×2 matrix of 2008 trade data. Define [ E 2001 ] as the 195×195 matrix consisting of the real 2001 domestic employment requirements tables. To estimate the jobs displaced by trade, perform the following matrix operations:

[ J 2001 ] is a 195×2 matrix of job displacement by imports and jobs supported by exports for each of 195 industries in 2001. Similarly, [ J 2008 ] and [ J 2011 ] are 195×2 matrices of jobs displaced or supported by imports and exports (respectively) for each of 195 industries in 2008 and 2011, respectively.

The employment estimates for retail trade, wholesale trade, and advertising were set to zero for this analysis. We assume that goods must be sold and advertised whether they are produced in the United States or imported for consumption.

To estimate jobs created/lost over certain time periods, we perform the following operations:

Step 2. State-by-state analysis.

For states, employment-by-industry data were obtained from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (U. S. Census Bureau 2009) data for the 2005–2007 period and were mapped into 53 census industries.19 We look at job displacement from 2001 to 2011, so from this point, we use [ J nx01-11 ]. In order to work with 53 sectors, we group the 195 BLS industries into a new matrix, defined as [ Jnew 01-11 ], a 53×2 matrix of job displacement numbers. Define [ St 05-07 ] as the 53×52 matrix of state employment shares (with the addition of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico) of employment in each industry. Calculate:

where [ Stj nx01-11 ] is the 53×52 matrix of job displacement/support by state by industry. To get state total job displacement, we add up the subsectors in each state.

Step 3. Congressional district analysis.

Employment by congressional district, by industry, by state is obtained from the ACS data from 2005–2007. In order to calculate job displacement in each congressional district, we use each column in [ Stj nx01-11 ], which represent individual state job-displacement-by-industry estimates, and define them as [ Stj 01 ], [ Stj 02 ], [ Stj i ]…[ Stj 52 ], with i representing the state number and each matrix being 53×1.

Each state has Y congressional districts, so [ Cd i ] is defined as the 53x Y matrix of congressional district employment shares for each state. Congressional district shares are calculated thus:

where [ Cdj i ] is defined as the 53x Y job displacement in state i by congressional district by industry.

Congressional districts are estimated for the 110th Congress, which met from January 2007 through January 3, 2009 (including a lame duck session) (Beth and Soltis 2009).

To get total job displacement by congressional district, we add up the subsectors in each congressional district in each state.

1. Direct jobs displaced refer to jobs displaced within a given industry, such as motor vehicles and parts. Indirect jobs displaced are those displaced in industries that supply inputs into that sector, such as primary metal (e. g., steel), plastics and rubber products (e. g., tires and hoses), transportation, and information. Re-spending employment results from the spending of wages by employed workers. It is one form of a macroeconomic multiplier.

2. The official name of the Chinese currency is the renminbi (RMB) and the units of value are yuan, the term used to describe the currency throughout this paper.

3. Over the past two decades, China first massively devalued its currency (in 1994) and then gradually increased its value, especially after 2005. While the yuan gained 31 percent in nominal terms between 2005 and 2011 (IMF 2012a), its nominal, 2011 value (at year end) remained 17 percent below the par value in 1990. As Gagnon notes, “In many developing countries, manipulation prevented the normal trend appreciation associated with rapid economic growth rather than causing any outright depreciation. The point is that without trend appreciation, such countries experience growing trade and currency account surpluses” (Gagnon 2012, 3, note 2). Such countries would normally experience trend appreciation due to rapid productivity growth, especially in manufacturing (the sector that generates most exports). Between 1995 and 2009 China experienced manufacturing productivity growth that ranged between 6.7 percent and 9.6 percent per year (FutureofUSChinaTrade 2012). Over the same period, productivity growth in U. S. manufacturing averaged only 2.4 percent per year (BLS 2012c).

4. China’s accumulation of total foreign exchange reserves (minus gold) between 2001 and 2011 accounted for more than one-third (36.6 percent) of total world accumulation of reserves, exceeding the next largest accumulator (Saudi Arabia) by 466 percent. As a result, China’s current account surplus was the largest, by far, of the 20 top currency manipulators identified by Gagnon (2012, 7, Table 1). In 2010 China’s current account surplus was a self-reported $305.3 billion, which was 31 percent of the current account surpluses of the top 20 currency manipulators (IMF 2012b). The IMF conservatively projects that China’s share of the global current account surplus of these 20 countries will rise to 53 percent in 2017, assuming continuation of current policies.

5. The Senate failed to consider a companion measure to H. R. 2378 in the 111th Congress.

6. Jeanne, Subramanian, and Williamson (2012) have recently published a book questioning the need for open capital accounts, especially for central bank purchases of government debt securities (such as U. S. Treasuries). They note that the economic literature has shown that such transfers make no contribution to economic growth. While they call for the use of price regulation (through taxes on foreign capital inflows), their arguments also support the case for outright restrictions on certain types of foreign capital movement, such as systematic foreign exchange intervention by central banks.

7. China’s admission to the WTO was endorsed by the United States in domestic legislation that offered China permanent normal trade relations status.

8. Beginning in 2002, the dollar declined more than 30 percent against several major currencies such as the euro and the Canadian dollar. However, yuan appreciation was largely delayed until late 2007 and 2008—too little to be of any help in slowing the current U. S.-China trade gap to date. The appreciation of the yuan has had little effect on the prices of U. S. imports from China, which rose only 2.5 percent between July 2005 (when the yuan was first adjusted) and May 2008, much less than the 19 percent appreciation of the yuan in that period (Congressional Budget Office 2008, 2). Furthermore, given the continuing rapid growth in manufacturing labor productivity in China relative to the United States and other developed countries, there must be trend appreciation in the yuan for China to simply maintain its global trade surplus, as noted by Gagnon (2012, 3, note 2).

9. The analysis in this report is based on domestic exports, as shown in Table 1, and excludes re-exports—which are goods produced in other countries, imported into the United States, and then re-exported to China. Since re-exports are not produced domestically, their production does not support domestic employment, and they are excluded from the model used here.

10. Tables 1 and 2 report U. S. imports for consumption and domestic exports to China. These flows were chosen to emphasize goods produced and consumed in the United States. News reports from the Census Bureau and the Commerce Department usually emphasize general imports and total exports. Total exports as reported by the Census Bureau include re-exports, i. e., goods produced in other countries and shipped through the United States. For 2011, general imports from China were $399.3 billion, total exports were $103.9 billion, and the reported trade balance was -$295.5 billion (U. S. International Trade Commission 2012).

11. Scrap and used or second-hand goods are industries 192 and 193, respectively, in the BLS model, and there are no jobs supported or displaced by trade in these sectors, according to the BLS model.

12. ATPs are an amalgamation of products from a variety of industries and subsectors within the broad NAICS-based categories shown in Table 2. They consist of 10 categories of products including biotechnology, life science, opto-electronics, information and communications, electronics, flexible manufacturing, advanced materials, aerospace, weapons, and nuclear technology (U. S. Census Bureau 2012a). In total ATP trade with the world, the United States had exports of $286.8 billion and imports of $386.4 billion in 2011, and a trade deficit of $99.6 billion. The United States had total ATP exports to China in 2011 of $20.1 billion and imports of $129.5 billion, and a trade deficit of $109.4 billion. This exceeded the overall U. S. ATP deficit of $99.6 billion. Thus, the United States had an ATP trade surplus with the rest of the world in 2011 of $9.7 billion (U. S. Census Bureau 2012c).

13. Deflators for many sectors in the computer and electronics products industry fell sharply between 2001 and 2011 due to rapid productivity growth in those sectors. For example, the price index for computer and peripheral products fell from 1,695.8 in 2001 to 620 in 2011, a decline of 63.4 percent (the price index is set at 1000 in 2005, the base year). In order to convert from nominal to real values for 2011, for example, the nominal value is multiplied by 1000/620 (the price index in year 2011) = 1.61. Thus, the real value of computers and peripheral products is at least 50 percent greater than the nominal value in 2011. The average price deflator in computer and electronic products declined 22.2 percent between 2001 and 2011, and real values exceeded nominal values by 33.0 percent on a trade-weighted basis.

14. California, Colorado, Idaho, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Oregon, and Texas, all hard-hit states in Figure B, were especially hard-hit in the computer and electronic products industries. The shares of jobs lost in this sector ranged from 54.7 percent in Texas to 71.1 percent in Idaho, compared with the national average of 38.8 percent of jobs displaced in this industry (unpublished research results available upon request). Other hard-hit states with a concentration in manufacturing were New Hampshire (86.7 percent of jobs displaced in manufacturing), North Carolina (84.8 percent), and Vermont (86.9 percent), versus the national average of 76.9 percent. New Hampshire and Vermont also saw heavy displacements in computer and electronic products within manufacturing, with shares of 56.6 percent and 60.0 percent, respectively.

15. One frequently repeated criticism of trade and employment studies is that the growth of imports does not displace domestic production. Some assert that if imports from China fell, they would be replaced by imports from some other low-wage country (see, for example, U. S.-China Business Council 2011). However, important new empirical research by Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2012, 4) has shown that “increased exposure to low-income country imports is associated with rising unemployment, decreased labor-force participation, and increased use of disability and other transfer benefits, as well as with lower wages…” The bottom line is that “trade creates new jobs in exporting industries and destroys jobs when imports replace the output of domestic firms. Because trade deficits have risen over the past decade, more jobs have been displaced by imports than created by exports” (Bivens 2008b, 1).

16. An additional 1.4 million manufacturing jobs were lost or displaced between January and December 2001, prior to China’s entry into the WTO. Thus, a total of 5.3 million manufacturing jobs were lost between 2001 and 2011. From the depths of the downturn in manufacturing employment, in February 2010, through July 2012, 528,000 jobs were recovered (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012a). Thus, structural factors were likely responsible for the bulk of manufacturing job loss between 2001 and 2011. See Autor, Dorn, and Hanson (2012) for additional research on the impact of China trade on U. S. manufacturing employment and wages.

17. The previous edition of this research used data for 56 industries provided by the ACS (Scott 2011c). The BLS–OEP consolidated several industries, including textiles and apparel, which required us to consolidate data for these sectors in our ACS state and congressional district models. Other “not elsewhere classified” industries were consolidated with other sectors (e. g., “miscellaneous manufacturing”) or deleted (“not specified metal industries”) to update and refine the crosswalk from BLS–OEP to ACS industries. As a result of these consolidations, there are 53 industries in the ACS dataset used for this study.

18. The model includes 195 NAICS industries. The trade data include only goods trade. Goods trade data are available for 85 commodity-based industries, plus software, waste and scrap, used or second-hand merchandise, and goods traded under special classification provisions (e. g., goods imported from and returned to Canada; small, unclassified shipments). Trade in scrap, used, and second-hand goods has no impacts on employment in the BLS model. Some special classification provision goods are assigned to miscellaneous manufacturing.

19. The Census Bureau uses its own table of definitions of industries. These are similar to NAICS-based industry definitions, but at a somewhat higher level of aggregation. For this study, we developed a crosswalk from NAICS to Census industries, and used population estimates from the ACS for each cell in this matrix.

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Jobs lost through imports, jobs gained through exports, and net jobs displaced due to trade with China, by state, 2001–2011 (ranked by number of net jobs displaced)

* Total may vary slightly due to rounding.

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Jobs lost through imports, jobs gained through exports, and net jobs displaced due to trade with China, by state, 2001–2011 (ranked alphabetically)

* Total may vary slightly due to rounding.

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Crises cambiais nas economias pós-soviéticas - uma história sem fim? ☆

Desde o colapso da União Soviética, seus estados sucessores sofreram crises cambiais cíclicas. O episódio mais recente de 2014–2016 foi causado por uma combinação de fatores externos e domésticos. A primeira inclui uma política monetária mais rígida dos EUA, um crescimento global mais lento e uma queda dos preços das commodities, enquanto a última inclui a extrema fragilidade macroeconômica das economias da antiga União Soviética (FSU), numerosas rigidezes microeconômicas e distorções estruturais. déficits governamentais. Além disso, o conflito russo-ucraniano foi um duro golpe para ambas as economias e seus vizinhos. Políticas eficazes contra a crise devem ter como objetivo eliminar todas as causas profundamente enraizadas de turbulências financeiras e macroeconômicas repetidas e devem envolver profundas reformas estruturais e institucionais em toda a região.

Classificação JEL.

Peer review under responsibility of Voprosy Ekonomiki.

Song of Myself.

By Walt Whitman.

And what I assume you shall assume,

For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.

I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.

Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their.

parents the same,

I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,

Hoping to cease not till death.

Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten,

I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard,

Nature without check with original energy.

I breathe the fragrance myself and know it and like it,

The distillation would intoxicate me also, but I shall not let it.

distillation, it is odorless,

It is for my mouth forever, I am in love with it,

I will go to the bank by the wood and become undisguised and naked,

I am mad for it to be in contact with me.

Echoes, ripples, buzz'd whispers, love-root, silk-thread, crotch and vine,

My respiration and inspiration, the beating of my heart, the passing.

of blood and air through my lungs,

The sniff of green leaves and dry leaves, and of the shore and.

dark-color'd sea-rocks, and of hay in the barn,

A few light kisses, a few embraces, a reaching around of arms,

The play of shine and shade on the trees as the supple boughs wag,

The delight alone or in the rush of the streets, or along the fields.

The feeling of health, the full-noon trill, the song of me rising.

from bed and meeting the sun.

Have you practis'd so long to learn to read?

Have you felt so proud to get at the meaning of poems?

You shall possess the good of the earth and sun, (there are millions.

You shall no longer take things at second or third hand, nor look through.

the eyes of the dead, nor feed on the spectres in books,

You shall not look through my eyes either, nor take things from me,

You shall listen to all sides and filter them from your self.

beginning and the end,

But I do not talk of the beginning or the end.

Nor any more youth or age than there is now,

And will never be any more perfection than there is now,

Nor any more heaven or hell than there is now.

Always the procreant urge of the world.

increase, always sex,

Always a knit of identity, always distinction, always a breed of life.

To elaborate is no avail, learn'd and unlearn'd feel that it is so.

entretied, braced in the beams,

Stout as a horse, affectionate, haughty, electrical,

I and this mystery here we stand.

Till that becomes unseen and receives proof in its turn.

Knowing the perfect fitness and equanimity of things, while they.

discuss I am silent, and go bathe and admire myself.

Not an inch nor a particle of an inch is vile, and none shall be.

less familiar than the rest.

As the hugging and loving bed-fellow sleeps at my side through the night,

and withdraws at the peep of the day with stealthy tread,

Leaving me baskets cover'd with white towels swelling the house with.

Shall I postpone my acceptation and realization and scream at my eyes,

That they turn from gazing after and down the road,

And forthwith cipher and show me to a cent,

Exactly the value of one and exactly the value of two, and which is ahead?

People I meet, the effect upon me of my early life or the ward and.

city I live in, or the nation,

The latest dates, discoveries, inventions, societies, authors old and new,

My dinner, dress, associates, looks, compliments, dues,

The real or fancied indifference of some man or woman I love,

The sickness of one of my folks or of myself, or ill-doing or loss.

or lack of money, or depressions or exaltations,

Battles, the horrors of fratricidal war, the fever of doubtful news,

the fitful events;

These come to me days and nights and go from me again,

But they are not the Me myself.

Stands amused, complacent, compassionating, idle, unitary,

Looks down, is erect, or bends an arm on an impalpable certain rest,

Looking with side-curved head curious what will come next,

Both in and out of the game and watching and wondering at it.

linguists and contenders,

I have no mockings or arguments, I witness and wait.

And you must not be abased to the other.

Not words, not music or rhyme I want, not custom or lecture, not.

Only the lull I like, the hum of your valved voice.

How you settled your head athwart my hips and gently turn'd over upon me,

And parted the shirt from my bosom-bone, and plunged your tongue.

to my bare-stript heart,

And reach'd till you felt my beard, and reach'd till you held my feet.

all the argument of the earth,

And I know that the hand of God is the promise of my own,

And I know that the spirit of God is the brother of my own,

And that all the men ever born are also my brothers, and the women.

my sisters and lovers,

And that a kelson of the creation is love,

And limitless are leaves stiff or drooping in the fields,

And brown ants in the little wells beneath them,

And mossy scabs of the worm fence, heap'd stones, elder, mullein and.

How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he.

A scented gift and remembrancer designedly dropt,

Bearing the owner's name someway in the corners, that we may see.

and remark, and say Whose?

And it means, Sprouting alike in broad zones and narrow zones,

Growing among black folks as among white,

Kanuck, Tuckahoe, Congressman, Cuff, I give them the same, I.

receive them the same.

It may be you transpire from the breasts of young men,

It may be if I had known them I would have loved them,

It may be you are from old people, or from offspring taken soon out.

of their mothers' laps,

And here you are the mothers' laps.

Darker than the colorless beards of old men,

Dark to come from under the faint red roofs of mouths.

And I perceive they do not come from the roofs of mouths for nothing.

And the hints about old men and mothers, and the offspring taken.

soon out of their laps.

And what do you think has become of the women and children?

The smallest sprout shows there is really no death,

And if ever there was it led forward life, and does not wait at the.

end to arrest it,

And ceas'd the moment life appear'd.

And to die is different from what any one supposed, and luckier.

I hasten to inform him or her it is just as lucky to die, and I know it.

am not contain'd between my hat and boots,

And peruse manifold objects, no two alike and every one good,

The earth good and the stars good, and their adjuncts all good.

I am the mate and companion of people, all just as immortal and.

fathomless as myself,

(They do not know how immortal, but I know.)

For me those that have been boys and that love women,

For me the man that is proud and feels how it stings to be slighted,

For me the sweet-heart and the old maid, for me mothers and the.

mothers of mothers,

For me lips that have smiled, eyes that have shed tears,

For me children and the begetters of children.

I see through the broadcloth and gingham whether or no,

And am around, tenacious, acquisitive, tireless, and cannot be shaken away.

I lift the gauze and look a long time, and silently brush away flies.

I peeringly view them from the top.

I witness the corpse with its dabbled hair, I note where the pistol.

The heavy omnibus, the driver with his interrogating thumb, the.

clank of the shod horses on the granite floor,

The snow-sleighs, clinking, shouted jokes, pelts of snow-balls,

The hurrahs for popular favorites, the fury of rous'd mobs,

The flap of the curtain'd litter, a sick man inside borne to the hospital,

The meeting of enemies, the sudden oath, the blows and fall,

The excited crowd, the policeman with his star quickly working his.

passage to the centre of the crowd,

The impassive stones that receive and return so many echoes,

What groans of over-fed or half-starv'd who fall sunstruck or in fits,

What exclamations of women taken suddenly who hurry home and.

give birth to babes,

What living and buried speech is always vibrating here, what howls.

restrain'd by decorum,

Arrests of criminals, slights, adulterous offers made, acceptances,

rejections with convex lips,

I mind them or the show or resonance of them--I come and I depart.

The dried grass of the harvest-time loads the slow-drawn wagon,

The clear light plays on the brown gray and green intertinged,

The armfuls are pack'd to the sagging mow.

I felt its soft jolts, one leg reclined on the other,

I jump from the cross-beams and seize the clover and timothy,

And roll head over heels and tangle my hair full of wisps.

Wandering amazed at my own lightness and glee,

In the late afternoon choosing a safe spot to pass the night,

Kindling a fire and broiling the fresh-kill'd game,

Falling asleep on the gather'd leaves with my dog and gun by my side.

My eyes settle the land, I bend at her prow or shout joyously from the deck.

I tuck'd my trowser-ends in my boots and went and had a good time;

You should have been with us that day round the chowder-kettle.

the bride was a red girl,

Her father and his friends sat near cross-legged and dumbly smoking,

they had moccasins to their feet and large thick blankets.

hanging from their shoulders,

On a bank lounged the trapper, he was drest mostly in skins, his luxuriant.

beard and curls protected his neck, he held his bride by the hand,

She had long eyelashes, her head was bare, her coarse straight locks.

descended upon her voluptuous limbs and reach'd to her feet.

I heard his motions crackling the twigs of the woodpile,

Through the swung half-door of the kitchen I saw him limpsy and weak,

And went where he sat on a log and led him in and assured him,

And brought water and fill'd a tub for his sweated body and bruis'd feet,

And gave him a room that enter'd from my own, and gave him some.

coarse clean clothes,

And remember perfectly well his revolving eyes and his awkwardness,

And remember putting piasters on the galls of his neck and ankles;

He staid with me a week before he was recuperated and pass'd north,

I had him sit next me at table, my fire-lock lean'd in the corner.

Twenty-eight young men and all so friendly;

Twenty-eight years of womanly life and all so lonesome.

She hides handsome and richly drest aft the blinds of the window.

Ah the homeliest of them is beautiful to her.

You splash in the water there, yet stay stock still in your room.

The rest did not see her, but she saw them and loved them.

Little streams pass'd all over their bodies.

It descended tremblingly from their temples and ribs.

sun, they do not ask who seizes fast to them,

They do not know who puffs and declines with pendant and bending arch,

They do not think whom they souse with spray.

at the stall in the market,

I loiter enjoying his repartee and his shuffle and break-down.

Each has his main-sledge, they are all out, there is a great heat in.

The lithe sheer of their waists plays even with their massive arms,

Overhand the hammers swing, overhand so slow, overhand so sure,

They do not hasten, each man hits in his place.

underneath on its tied-over chain,

The negro that drives the long dray of the stone-yard, steady and.

tall he stands pois'd on one leg on the string-piece,

His blue shirt exposes his ample neck and breast and loosens over.

His glance is calm and commanding, he tosses the slouch of his hat.

away from his forehead,

The sun falls on his crispy hair and mustache, falls on the black of.

his polish'd and perfect limbs.

I go with the team also.

To niches aside and junior bending, not a person or object missing,

Absorbing all to myself and for this song.

is that you express in your eyes?

It seems to me more than all the print I have read in my life.

They rise together, they slowly circle around.

And acknowledge red, yellow, white, playing within me,

And consider green and violet and the tufted crown intentional,

And do not call the tortoise unworthy because she is not something else,

And the in the woods never studied the gamut, yet trills pretty well to me,

And the look of the bay mare shames silliness out of me.

Ya-honk he says, and sounds it down to me like an invitation,

The pert may suppose it meaningless, but I listening close,

Find its purpose and place up there toward the wintry sky.

chickadee, the prairie-dog,

The litter of the grunting sow as they tug at her teats,

The brood of the turkey-hen and she with her half-spread wings,

I see in them and myself the same old law.

They scorn the best I can do to relate them.

Of men that live among cattle or taste of the ocean or woods,

Of the builders and steerers of ships and the wielders of axes and.

mauls, and the drivers of horses,

I can eat and sleep with them week in and week out.

Me going in for my chances, spending for vast returns,

Adorning myself to bestow myself on the first that will take me,

Not asking the sky to come down to my good will,

Scattering it freely forever.

The carpenter dresses his plank, the tongue of his foreplane.

whistles its wild ascending lisp,

The married and unmarried children ride home to their Thanksgiving dinner,

The pilot seizes the king-pin, he heaves down with a strong arm,

The mate stands braced in the whale-boat, lance and harpoon are ready,

The duck-shooter walks by silent and cautious stretches,

The deacons are ordain'd with cross'd hands at the altar,

The spinning-girl retreats and advances to the hum of the big wheel,

The farmer stops by the bars as he walks on a First-day loafe and.

looks at the oats and rye,

The lunatic is carried at last to the asylum a confirm'd case,

(He will never sleep any more as he did in the cot in his mother's.

The jour printer with gray head and gaunt jaws works at his case,

He turns his quid of tobacco while his eyes blurr with the manuscript;

The malform'd limbs are tied to the surgeon's table,

What is removed drops horribly in a pail;

The quadroon girl is sold at the auction-stand, the drunkard nods by.

the bar-room stove,

The machinist rolls up his sleeves, the policeman travels his beat,

the gate-keeper marks who pass,

The young fellow drives the express-wagon, (I love him, though I do.

The half-breed straps on his light boots to compete in the race,

The western turkey-shooting draws old and young, some lean on their.

rifles, some sit on logs,

Out from the crowd steps the marksman, takes his position, levels his piece;

The groups of newly-come immigrants cover the wharf or levee,

As the woolly-pates hoe in the sugar-field, the overseer views them.

from his saddle,

The bugle calls in the ball-room, the gentlemen run for their.

partners, the dancers bow to each other,

The youth lies awake in the cedar-roof'd garret and harks to the.

The Wolverine sets traps on the creek that helps fill the Huron,

The squaw wrapt in her yellow-hemm'd cloth is offering moccasins and.

bead-bags for sale,

The connoisseur peers along the exhibition-gallery with half-shut.

eyes bent sideways,

As the deck-hands make fast the steamboat the plank is thrown for.

the shore-going passengers,

The young sister holds out the skein while the elder sister winds it.

off in a ball, and stops now and then for the knots,

The one-year wife is recovering and happy having a week ago borne.

her first child,

The clean-hair'd Yankee girl works with her sewing-machine or in the.

factory or mill,

The paving-man leans on his two-handed rammer, the reporter's lead.

flies swiftly over the note-book, the sign-painter is lettering.

with blue and gold,

The canal boy trots on the tow-path, the book-keeper counts at his.

desk, the shoemaker waxes his thread,

The conductor beats time for the band and all the performers follow him,

The child is baptized, the convert is making his first professions,

The regatta is spread on the bay, the race is begun, (how the white.

The drover watching his drove sings out to them that would stray,

The pedler sweats with his pack on his back, (the purchaser higgling.

about the odd cent;)

The bride unrumples her white dress, the minute-hand of the clock.

The opium-eater reclines with rigid head and just-open'd lips,

The prostitute draggles her shawl, her bonnet bobs on her tipsy and.

The crowd laugh at her blackguard oaths, the men jeer and wink to.

(Miserable! I do not laugh at your oaths nor jeer you;)

The President holding a cabinet council is surrounded by the great.

On the piazza walk three matrons stately and friendly with twined arms,

The crew of the fish-smack pack repeated layers of halibut in the hold,

The Missourian crosses the plains toting his wares and his cattle,

As the fare-collector goes through the train he gives notice by the.

jingling of loose change,

The floor-men are laying the floor, the tinners are tinning the.

roof, the masons are calling for mortar,

In single file each shouldering his hod pass onward the laborers;

Seasons pursuing each other the indescribable crowd is gather'd, it.

is the fourth of Seventh-month, (what salutes of cannon and small arms!)

Seasons pursuing each other the plougher ploughs, the mower mows,

and the winter-grain falls in the ground;

Off on the lakes the pike-fisher watches and waits by the hole in.

the frozen surface,

The stumps stand thick round the clearing, the squatter strikes deep.

Flatboatmen make fast towards dusk near the cotton-wood or pecan-trees,

Coon-seekers go through the regions of the Red river or through.

those drain'd by the Tennessee, or through those of the Arkansas,

Torches shine in the dark that hangs on the Chattahooche or Altamahaw,

Patriarchs sit at supper with sons and grandsons and great-grandsons.

In walls of adobie, in canvas tents, rest hunters and trappers after.

their day's sport,

The city sleeps and the country sleeps,

The living sleep for their time, the dead sleep for their time,

The old husband sleeps by his wife and the young husband sleeps by his wife;

And these tend inward to me, and I tend outward to them,

And such as it is to be of these more or less I am,

And of these one and all I weave the song of myself.

Regardless of others, ever regardful of others,

Maternal as well as paternal, a child as well as a man,

Stuff'd with the stuff that is coarse and stuff'd with the stuff.

One of the Nation of many nations, the smallest the same and the.

largest the same,

A Southerner soon as a Northerner, a planter nonchalant and.

hospitable down by the Oconee I live,

A Yankee bound my own way ready for trade, my joints the limberest.

joints on earth and the sternest joints on earth,

A Kentuckian walking the vale of the Elkhorn in my deer-skin.

leggings, a Louisianian or Georgian,

A boatman over lakes or bays or along coasts, a Hoosier, Badger, Buckeye;

At home on Kanadian snow-shoes or up in the bush, or with fishermen.

At home in the fleet of ice-boats, sailing with the rest and tacking,

At home on the hills of Vermont or in the woods of Maine, or the.

Comrade of Californians, comrade of free North-Westerners, (loving.

their big proportions,)

Comrade of raftsmen and coalmen, comrade of all who shake hands.

and welcome to drink and meat,

A learner with the simplest, a teacher of the thoughtfullest,

A novice beginning yet experient of myriads of seasons,

Of every hue and caste am I, of every rank and religion,

A farmer, mechanic, artist, gentleman, sailor, quaker,

Prisoner, fancy-man, rowdy, lawyer, physician, priest.

Breathe the air but leave plenty after me,

And am not stuck up, and am in my place.

The bright suns I see and the dark suns I cannot see are in their place,

The palpable is in its place and the impalpable is in its place.)

are not original with me,

If they are not yours as much as mine they are nothing, or next to nothing,

If they are not the riddle and the untying of the riddle they are nothing,

If they are not just as close as they are distant they are nothing.

This the common air that bathes the globe.

I play not marches for accepted victors only, I play marches for.

conquer'd and slain persons.

I also say it is good to fall, battles are lost in the same spirit.

in which they are won.

I blow through my embouchures my loudest and gayest for them.

And to those whose war-vessels sank in the sea!

And to those themselves who sank in the sea!

And to all generals that lost engagements, and all overcome heroes!

And the numberless unknown heroes equal to the greatest heroes known!

It is for the wicked just same as the righteous, I make appointments.

I will not have a single person slighted or left away,

The kept-woman, sponger, thief, are hereby invited,

The heavy-lipp'd slave is invited, the venerealee is invited;

There shall be no difference between them and the rest.

This the touch of my lips to yours, this the murmur of yearning,

This the far-off depth and height reflecting my own face,

This the thoughtful merge of myself, and the outlet again.

Well I have, for the Fourth-month showers have, and the mica on the.

side of a rock has.

Does the daylight astonish? does the early redstart twittering.

through the woods?

Do I astonish more than they?

I might not tell everybody, but I will tell you.

How is it I extract strength from the beef I eat?

Else it were time lost listening to me.

That months are vacuums and the ground but wallow and filth.

goes to the fourth-remov'd,

I wear my hat as I please indoors or out.

doctors and calculated close,

I find no sweeter fat than sticks to my own bones.

And the good or bad I say of myself I say of them.

To me the converging objects of the universe perpetually flow,

All are written to me, and I must get what the writing means.

I know this orbit of mine cannot be swept by a carpenter's compass,

I know I shall not pass like a child's carlacue cut with a burnt.

I do not trouble my spirit to vindicate itself or be understood,

I see that the elementary laws never apologize,

(I reckon I behave no prouder than the level I plant my house by,

If no other in the world be aware I sit content,

And if each and all be aware I sit content.

And whether I come to my own to-day or in ten thousand or ten.

I can cheerfully take it now, or with equal cheerfulness I can wait.

I laugh at what you call dissolution,

And I know the amplitude of time.

The pleasures of heaven are with me and the pains of hell are with me,

The first I graft and increase upon myself, the latter I translate.

into new tongue.

And I say it is as great to be a woman as to be a man,

And I say there is nothing greater than the mother of men.

We have had ducking and deprecating about enough,

I show that size is only development.

It is a trifle, they will more than arrive there every one, and.

I call to the earth and sea half-held by the night.

Night of south winds--night of the large few stars!

Still nodding night--mad naked summer night.

Earth of the slumbering and liquid trees!

Earth of departed sunset--earth of the mountains misty-topt!

Earth of the vitreous pour of the full moon just tinged with blue!

Earth of shine and dark mottling the tide of the river!

Earth of the limpid gray of clouds brighter and clearer for my sake!

Far-swooping elbow'd earth--rich apple-blossom'd earth!

Smile, for your lover comes.

O unspeakable passionate love.

I behold from the beach your crooked fingers,

I believe you refuse to go back without feeling of me,

We must have a turn together, I undress, hurry me out of sight of the land,

Cushion me soft, rock me in billowy drowse,

Dash me with amorous wet, I can repay you.

Sea breathing broad and convulsive breaths,

Sea of the brine of life and of unshovell'd yet always-ready graves,

Howler and scooper of storms, capricious and dainty sea,

I am integral with you, I too am of one phase and of all phases.

Extoller of amies and those that sleep in each others' arms.

(Shall I make my list of things in the house and skip the house that.

of wickedness also.

Evil propels me and reform of evil propels me, I stand indifferent,

My gait is no fault-finder's or rejecter's gait,

I moisten the roots of all that has grown.

Did you guess the celestial laws are yet to be work'd over and rectified?

Soft doctrine as steady help as stable doctrine,

Thoughts and deeds of the present our rouse and early start.

There is no better than it and now.

The wonder is always and always how there can be a mean man or an infidel.

And mine a word of the modern, the word En-Masse.

Here or henceforward it is all the same to me, I accept Time absolutely.

That mystic baffling wonder alone completes all.

Materialism first and last imbuing.

Fetch stonecrop mixt with cedar and branches of lilac,

This is the lexicographer, this the chemist, this made a grammar of.

the old cartouches,

These mariners put the ship through dangerous unknown seas.

This is the geologist, this works with the scalper, and this is a.

Your facts are useful, and yet they are not my dwelling,

I but enter by them to an area of my dwelling.

And more the reminders they of life untold, and of freedom and extrication,

And make short account of neuters and geldings, and favor men and.

women fully equipt,

And beat the gong of revolt, and stop with fugitives and them that.

plot and conspire.

Turbulent, fleshy, sensual, eating, drinking and breeding,

No sentimentalist, no stander above men and women or apart from them,

No more modest than immodest.

Unscrew the doors themselves from their jambs!

And whatever is done or said returns at last to me.

By God! I will accept nothing which all cannot have their.

counterpart of on the same terms.

Voices of the interminable generations of prisoners and slaves,

Voices of the diseas'd and despairing and of thieves and dwarfs,

Voices of cycles of preparation and accretion,

And of the threads that connect the stars, and of wombs and of the.

And of the rights of them the others are down upon,

Of the deform'd, trivial, flat, foolish, despised,

Fog in the air, beetles rolling balls of dung.

Voices of sexes and lusts, voices veil'd and I remove the veil,

Voices indecent by me clarified and transfigur'd.

I keep as delicate around the bowels as around the head and heart,

Copulation is no more rank to me than death is.

Seeing, hearing, feeling, are miracles, and each part and tag of me.

The scent of these arm-pits aroma finer than prayer,

This head more than churches, bibles, and all the creeds.

my own body, or any part of it,

Translucent mould of me it shall be you!

Shaded ledges and rests it shall be you!

Firm masculine colter it shall be you!

Whatever goes to the tilth of me it shall be you!

You my rich blood! your milky stream pale strippings of my life!

Breast that presses against other breasts it shall be you!

My brain it shall be your occult convolutions!

Root of wash'd sweet-flag! timorous pond-snipe! nest of guarded.

duplicate eggs! it shall be you!

Mix'd tussled hay of head, beard, brawn, it shall be you!

Trickling sap of maple, fibre of manly wheat, it shall be you!

Sun so generous it shall be you!

Vapors lighting and shading my face it shall be you!

You sweaty brooks and dews it shall be you!

Winds whose soft-tickling genitals rub against me it shall be you!

Broad muscular fields, branches of live oak, loving lounger in my.

winding paths, it shall be you!

Hands I have taken, face I have kiss'd, mortal I have ever touch'd,

it shall be you.

Each moment and whatever happens thrills me with joy,

I cannot tell how my ankles bend, nor whence the cause of my faintest wish,

Nor the cause of the friendship I emit, nor the cause of the.

friendship I take again.

A morning-glory at my window satisfies me more than the metaphysics.

The little light fades the immense and diaphanous shadows,

The air tastes good to my palate.

Scooting obliquely high and low.

Seas of bright juice suffuse heaven.

The heav'd challenge from the east that moment over my head,

The mocking taunt, See then whether you shall be master!

If I could not now and always send sun-rise out of me.

We found our own O my soul in the calm and cool of the daybreak.

With the twirl of my tongue I encompass worlds and volumes of worlds.

It provokes me forever, it says sarcastically,

Walt you contain enough, why don't you let it out then?

Do you not know O speech how the buds beneath you are folded?

Waiting in gloom, protected by frost,

The dirt receding before my prophetical screams,

I underlying causes to balance them at last,

My knowledge my live parts, it keeping tally with the meaning of all things,

Happiness, (which whoever hears me let him or her set out in search.

Encompass worlds, but never try to encompass me,

I crowd your sleekest and best by simply looking toward you.

I carry the plenum of proof and every thing else in my face,

With the hush of my lips I wholly confound the skeptic.

To accrue what I hear into this song, to let sounds contribute toward it.

clack of sticks cooking my meals,

I hear the sound I love, the sound of the human voice,

I hear all sounds running together, combined, fused or following,

Sounds of the city and sounds out of the city, sounds of the day and night,

Talkative young ones to those that like them, the loud laugh of.

work-people at their meals,

The angry base of disjointed friendship, the faint tones of the sick,

The judge with hands tight to the desk, his pallid lips pronouncing.

The heave'e'yo of stevedores unlading ships by the wharves, the.

refrain of the anchor-lifters,

The ring of alarm-bells, the cry of fire, the whirr of swift-streaking.

engines and hose-carts with premonitory tinkles and color'd lights,

The steam-whistle, the solid roll of the train of approaching cars,

The slow march play'd at the head of the association marching two and two,

(They go to guard some corpse, the flag-tops are draped with black muslin.)

I hear the key'd cornet, it glides quickly in through my ears,

It shakes mad-sweet pangs through my belly and breast.

Ah this indeed is music--this suits me.

The orbic flex of his mouth is pouring and filling me full.

The orchestra whirls me wider than Uranus flies,

It wrenches such ardors from me I did not know I possess'd them,

It sails me, I dab with bare feet, they are lick'd by the indolent waves,

I am cut by bitter and angry hail, I lose my breath,

Steep'd amid honey'd morphine, my windpipe throttled in fakes of death,

At length let up again to feel the puzzle of puzzles,

And that we call Being.

(Round and round we go, all of us, and ever come back thither,)

If nothing lay more develop'd the quahaug in its callous shell were enough.

I have instant conductors all over me whether I pass or stop,

They seize every object and lead it harmlessly through me.

To touch my person to some one else's is about as much as I can stand.

Flames and ether making a rush for my veins,

Treacherous tip of me reaching and crowding to help them,

My flesh and blood playing out lightning to strike what is hardly.

different from myself,

On all sides prurient provokers stiffening my limbs,

Straining the udder of my heart for its withheld drip,

Behaving licentious toward me, taking no denial,

Depriving me of my best as for a purpose,

Unbuttoning my clothes, holding me by the bare waist,

Deluding my confusion with the calm of the sunlight and pasture-fields,

Immodestly sliding the fellow-senses away,

They bribed to swap off with touch and go and graze at the edges of me,

No consideration, no regard for my draining strength or my anger,

Fetching the rest of the herd around to enjoy them a while,

Then all uniting to stand on a headland and worry me.

They have left me helpless to a red marauder,

They all come to the headland to witness and assist against me.

I talk wildly, I have lost my wits, I and nobody else am the.

I went myself first to the headland, my own hands carried me there.

Unclench your floodgates, you are too much for me.

Did it make you ache so, leaving me?

Rich showering rain, and recompense richer afterward.

Landscapes projected masculine, full-sized and golden.

They neither hasten their own delivery nor resist it,

They do not need the obstetric forceps of the surgeon,

The insignificant is as big to me as any,

(What is less or more than a touch?)

The damp of the night drives deeper into my soul.

Only what nobody denies is so.)

I believe the soggy clods shall become lovers and lamps,

And a compend of compends is the meat of a man or woman,

And a summit and flower there is the feeling they have for each other,

And they are to branch boundlessly out of that lesson until it.

And until one and all shall delight us, and we them.

And the pismire is equally perfect, and a grain of sand, and the egg.

And the tree-toad is a chef-d'oeuvre for the highest,

And the running blackberry would adorn the parlors of heaven,

And the narrowest hinge in my hand puts to scorn all machinery,

And the cow crunching with depress'd head surpasses any statue,

And a mouse is miracle enough to stagger sextillions of infidels.

grains, esculent roots,

And am stucco'd with quadrupeds and birds all over,

And have distanced what is behind me for good reasons,

But call any thing back again when I desire it.

In vain the plutonic rocks send their old heat against my approach,

In vain the mastodon retreats beneath its own powder'd bones,

In vain objects stand leagues off and assume manifold shapes,

In vain the ocean settling in hollows and the great monsters lying low,

In vain the buzzard houses herself with the sky,

In vain the snake slides through the creepers and logs,

In vain the elk takes to the inner passes of the woods,

In vain the razor-bill'd auk sails far north to Labrador,

I follow quickly, I ascend to the nest in the fissure of the cliff.

I stand and look at them long and long.

They do not lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins,

They do not make me sick discussing their duty to God,

Not one is dissatisfied, not one is demented with the mania of.

Not one kneels to another, nor to his kind that lived thousands of.

Not one is respectable or unhappy over the whole earth.

They bring me tokens of myself, they evince them plainly in their.

Did I pass that way huge times ago and negligently drop them?

Gathering and showing more always and with velocity,

Infinite and omnigenous, and the like of these among them,

Not too exclusive toward the reachers of my remembrancers,

Picking out here one that I love, and now go with him on brotherly terms.

Head high in the forehead, wide between the ears,

Limbs glossy and supple, tail dusting the ground,

Eyes full of sparkling wickedness, ears finely cut, flexibly moving.

His well-built limbs tremble with pleasure as we race around and return.

Why do I need your paces when I myself out-gallop them?

Even as I stand or sit passing faster than you.

What I guess'd when I loaf'd on the grass,

What I guess'd while I lay alone in my bed,

And again as I walk'd the beach under the paling stars of the morning.

I skirt sierras, my palms cover continents,

I am afoot with my vision.

Along the ruts of the turnpike, along the dry gulch and rivulet bed,

Weeding my onion-patch or hosing rows of carrots and parsnips,

crossing savannas, trailing in forests,

Prospecting, gold-digging, girdling the trees of a new purchase,

Scorch'd ankle-deep by the hot sand, hauling my boat down the.

Where the panther walks to and fro on a limb overhead, where the.

buck turns furiously at the hunter,

Where the rattlesnake suns his flabby length on a rock, where the.

otter is feeding on fish,

Where the alligator in his tough pimples sleeps by the bayou,

Where the black bear is searching for roots or honey, where the.

beaver pats the mud with his paddle-shaped tall;

Over the growing sugar, over the yellow-flower'd cotton plant, over.

the rice in its low moist field,

Over the sharp-peak'd farm house, with its scallop'd scum and.

slender shoots from the gutters,

Over the western persimmon, over the long-leav'd corn, over the.

delicate blue-flower flax,

Over the white and brown buckwheat, a hummer and buzzer there with.

Over the dusky green of the rye as it ripples and shades in the breeze;

Scaling mountains, pulling myself cautiously up, holding on by low.

Walking the path worn in the grass and beat through the leaves of the brush,

Where the quail is whistling betwixt the woods and the wheat-lot,

Where the bat flies in the Seventh-month eve, where the great.

goldbug drops through the dark,

Where the brook puts out of the roots of the old tree and flows to.

Where cattle stand and shake away flies with the tremulous.

shuddering of their hides,

Where the cheese-cloth hangs in the kitchen, where andirons straddle.

the hearth-slab, where cobwebs fall in festoons from the rafters;

Where trip-hammers crash, where the press is whirling its cylinders,

Wherever the human heart beats with terrible throes under its ribs,

Where the pear-shaped balloon is floating aloft, (floating in it.

myself and looking composedly down,)

Where the life-car is drawn on the slip-noose, where the heat.

hatches pale-green eggs in the dented sand,

Where the she-whale swims with her calf and never forsakes it,

Where the steam-ship trails hind-ways its long pennant of smoke,

Where the fin of the shark cuts like a black chip out of the water,

Where the half-burn'd brig is riding on unknown currents,

Where shells grow to her slimy deck, where the dead are corrupting below;

Where the dense-starr'd flag is borne at the head of the regiments,

Approaching Manhattan up by the long-stretching island,

Under Niagara, the cataract falling like a veil over my countenance,

Upon a door-step, upon the horse-block of hard wood outside,

Upon the race-course, or enjoying picnics or jigs or a good game of.

At he-festivals, with blackguard gibes, ironical license,

bull-dances, drinking, laughter,

At the cider-mill tasting the sweets of the brown mash, sucking the.

juice through a straw,

At apple-peelings wanting kisses for all the red fruit I find,

At musters, beach-parties, friendly bees, huskings, house-raisings;

Where the mocking-bird sounds his delicious gurgles, cackles,

Where the hay-rick stands in the barn-yard, where the dry-stalks are.

scatter'd, where the brood-cow waits in the hovel,

Where the bull advances to do his masculine work, where the stud to.

the mare, where the cock is treading the hen,

Where the heifers browse, where geese nip their food with short jerks,

Where sun-down shadows lengthen over the limitless and lonesome prairie,

Where herds of buffalo make a crawling spread of the square miles.

Where the humming-bird shimmers, where the neck of the long-lived.

swan is curving and winding,

Where the laughing-gull scoots by the shore, where she laughs her.

Where bee-hives range on a gray bench in the garden half hid by the.

Where band-neck'd partridges roost in a ring on the ground with.

their heads out,

Where burial coaches enter the arch'd gates of a cemetery,

Where winter wolves bark amid wastes of snow and icicled trees,

Where the yellow-crown'd heron comes to the edge of the marsh at.

night and feeds upon small crabs,

Where the splash of swimmers and divers cools the warm noon,

Where the katy-did works her chromatic reed on the walnut-tree over.

Through patches of citrons and cucumbers with silver-wired leaves,

Through the salt-lick or orange glade, or under conical firs,

Through the gymnasium, through the curtain'd saloon, through the.

office or public hall;

Pleas'd with the native and pleas'd with the foreign, pleas'd with.

the new and old,

Pleas'd with the homely woman as well as the handsome,

Pleas'd with the quakeress as she puts off her bonnet and talks melodiously,

Pleas'd with the tune of the choir of the whitewash'd church,

Pleas'd with the earnest words of the sweating Methodist preacher,

impress'd seriously at the camp-meeting;

Looking in at the shop-windows of Broadway the whole forenoon,

flatting the flesh of my nose on the thick plate glass,

Wandering the same afternoon with my face turn'd up to the clouds,

or down a lane or along the beach,

My right and left arms round the sides of two friends, and I in the middle;

Coming home with the silent and dark-cheek'd bush-boy, (behind me.

he rides at the drape of the day,)

Far from the settlements studying the print of animals' feet, or the.

By the cot in the hospital reaching lemonade to a feverish patient,

Nigh the coffin'd corpse when all is still, examining with a candle;

Voyaging to every port to dicker and adventure,

Hurrying with the modern crowd as eager and fickle as any,

Hot toward one I hate, ready in my madness to knife him,

Solitary at midnight in my back yard, my thoughts gone from me a long while,

Walking the old hills of Judaea with the beautiful gentle God by my side,

Speeding through space, speeding through heaven and the stars,

Speeding amid the seven satellites and the broad ring, and the.

diameter of eighty thousand miles,

Speeding with tail'd meteors, throwing fire-balls like the rest,

Carrying the crescent child that carries its own full mother in its belly,

Storming, enjoying, planning, loving, cautioning,

Backing and filling, appearing and disappearing,

I tread day and night such roads.

And look at quintillions ripen'd and look at quintillions green.

My course runs below the soundings of plummets.

No guard can shut me off, no law prevent me.

My messengers continually cruise away or bring their returns to me.

pike-pointed staff, clinging to topples of brittle and blue.

I take my place late at night in the crow's-nest,

We sail the arctic sea, it is plenty light enough,

Through the clear atmosphere I stretch around on the wonderful beauty,

The enormous masses of ice pass me and I pass them, the scenery is.

plain in all directions,

The white-topt mountains show in the distance, I fling out my.

fancies toward them,

We are approaching some great battle-field in which we are soon to.

We pass the colossal outposts of the encampment, we pass with still.

feet and caution,

Or we are entering by the suburbs some vast and ruin'd city,

The blocks and fallen architecture more than all the living cities.

I turn the bridgroom out of bed and stay with the bride myself,

I tighten her all night to my thighs and lips.

They fetch my man's body up dripping and drown'd.

The courage of present times and all times,

How the skipper saw the crowded and rudderless wreck of the.

steamship, and Death chasing it up and down the storm,

How he knuckled tight and gave not back an inch, and was faithful of.

days and faithful of nights,

And chalk'd in large letters on a board, Be of good cheer, we will.

How he follow'd with them and tack'd with them three days and.

would not give it up,

How he saved the drifting company at last,

How the lank loose-gown'd women look'd when boated from the.

side of their prepared graves,

How the silent old-faced infants and the lifted sick, and the.

sharp-lipp'd unshaved men;

All this I swallow, it tastes good, I like it well, it becomes mine,

I am the man, I suffer'd, I was there.

The mother of old, condemn'd for a witch, burnt with dry wood, her.

children gazing on,

The hounded slave that flags in the race, leans by the fence,

blowing, cover'd with sweat,

The twinges that sting like needles his legs and neck, the murderous.

buckshot and the bullets,

All these I feel or am.

Hell and despair are upon me, crack and again crack the marksmen,

I clutch the rails of the fence, my gore dribs, thinn'd with the.

ooze of my skin,

I fall on the weeds and stones,

The riders spur their unwilling horses, haul close,

Taunt my dizzy ears and beat me violently over the head with whip-stocks.

I do not ask the wounded person how he feels, I myself become the.

My hurts turn livid upon me as I lean on a cane and observe.

Tumbling walls buried me in their debris,

Heat and smoke I inspired, I heard the yelling shouts of my comrades,

I heard the distant click of their picks and shovels,

They have clear'd the beams away, they tenderly lift me forth.

Painless after all I lie exhausted but not so unhappy,

White and beautiful are the faces around me, the heads are bared.

of their fire-caps,

The kneeling crowd fades with the light of the torches.

They show as the dial or move as the hands of me, I am the clock myself.

I am there again.

Again the attacking cannon, mortars,

Again to my listening ears the cannon responsive.

The cries, curses, roar, the plaudits for well-aim'd shots,

The ambulanza slowly passing trailing its red drip,

Workmen searching after damages, making indispensable repairs,

The fall of grenades through the rent roof, the fan-shaped explosion,

The whizz of limbs, heads, stone, wood, iron, high in the air.

He gasps through the clot Mind not me--mind--the entrenchments.

(I tell not the fall of Alamo,

Not one escaped to tell the fall of Alamo,

The hundred and fifty are dumb yet at Alamo,)

'Tis the tale of the murder in cold blood of four hundred and twelve.

Nine hundred lives out of the surrounding enemies, nine times their.

number, was the price they took in advance,

Their colonel was wounded and their ammunition gone,

They treated for an honorable capitulation, receiv'd writing and.

seal, gave up their arms and march'd back prisoners of war.

Matchless with horse, rifle, song, supper, courtship,

Large, turbulent, generous, handsome, proud, and affectionate,

Bearded, sunburnt, drest in the free costume of hunters,

Not a single one over thirty years of age.

massacred, it was beautiful early summer,

The work commenced about five o'clock and was over by eight.

Some made a mad and helpless rush, some stood stark and straight,

A few fell at once, shot in the temple or heart, the living and dead.

The maim'd and mangled dug in the dirt, the new-comers saw them there,

Some half-kill'd attempted to crawl away,

These were despatch'd with bayonets or batter'd with the blunts of muskets,

A youth not seventeen years old seiz'd his assassin till two more.

came to release him,

The three were all torn and cover'd with the boy's blood.

That is the tale of the murder of the four hundred and twelve young men.

Would you learn who won by the light of the moon and stars?

List to the yarn, as my grandmother's father the sailor told it to me.

His was the surly English pluck, and there is no tougher or truer,

and never was, and never will be;

Along the lower'd eve he came horribly raking us.

My captain lash'd fast with his own hands.

On our lower-gun-deck two large pieces had burst at the first fire,

killing all around and blowing up overhead.

Ten o'clock at night, the full moon well up, our leaks on the gain,

and five feet of water reported,

The master-at-arms loosing the prisoners confined in the after-hold.

to give them a chance for themselves.

They see so many strange faces they do not know whom to trust.

The other asks if we demand quarter?

If our colors are struck and the fighting done?

We have not struck, he composedly cries, we have just begun our part.

of the fighting.

One is directed by the captain himself against the enemy's main-mast,

Two well serv'd with grape and canister silence his musketry and.

clear his decks.

They hold out bravely during the whole of the action.

The leaks gain fast on the pumps, the fire eats toward the powder-magazine.

He is not hurried, his voice is neither high nor low,

His eyes give more light to us than our battle-lanterns.

Two great hulls motionless on the breast of the darkness,

Our vessel riddled and slowly sinking, preparations to pass to the.

one we have conquer'd,

The captain on the quarter-deck coldly giving his orders through a.

countenance white as a sheet,

Near by the corpse of the child that serv'd in the cabin,

The dead face of an old salt with long white hair and carefully.

The flames spite of all that can be done flickering aloft and below,

The husky voices of the two or three officers yet fit for duty,

Formless stacks of bodies and bodies by themselves, dabs of flesh.

upon the masts and spars,

Cut of cordage, dangle of rigging, slight shock of the soothe of waves,

Black and impassive guns, litter of powder-parcels, strong scent,

A few large stars overhead, silent and mournful shining,

Delicate sniffs of sea-breeze, smells of sedgy grass and fields by.

the shore, death-messages given in charge to survivors,

The hiss of the surgeon's knife, the gnawing teeth of his saw,

Wheeze, cluck, swash of falling blood, short wild scream, and long,

dull, tapering groan,

These so, these irretrievable.

In at the conquer'd doors they crowd! I am possess'd!

Embody all presences outlaw'd or suffering,

See myself in prison shaped like another man,

And feel the dull unintermitted pain.

It is I let out in the morning and barr'd at night.

and walk by his side,

(I am less the jolly one there, and more the silent one with sweat.

on my twitching lips.)

My face is ash-color'd, my sinews gnarl, away from me people retreat.

I project my hat, sit shame-faced, and beg.

Somehow I have been stunn'd. Stand back!

Give me a little time beyond my cuff'd head, slumbers, dreams, gaping,

I discover myself on the verge of a usual mistake.

That I could forget the trickling tears and the blows of the.

bludgeons and hammers!

That I could look with a separate look on my own crucifixion and.

I resume the overstaid fraction,

The grave of rock multiplies what has been confided to it, or to any graves,

Corpses rise, gashes heal, fastenings roll from me.

Inland and sea-coast we go, and pass all boundary lines,

Our swift ordinances on their way over the whole earth,

The blossoms we wear in our hats the growth of thousands of years.

Continue your annotations, continue your questionings.

Is he waiting for civilization, or past it and mastering it?

Is he from the Mississippi country? Iowa, Oregon, California?

The mountains? prairie-life, bush-life? or sailor from the sea?

They desire he should like them, touch them, speak to them, stay with them.

head, laughter, and naivete,

Slow-stepping feet, common features, common modes and emanations,

They descend in new forms from the tips of his fingers,

They are wafted with the odor of his body or breath, they fly out of.

the glance of his eyes.

You light surfaces only, I force surfaces and depths also.

Say, old top-knot, what do you want?

And might tell what it is in me and what it is in you, but cannot,

And might tell that pining I have, that pulse of my nights and days.

When I give I give myself.

Open your scarf'd chops till I blow grit within you,

Spread your palms and lift the flaps of your pockets,

I am not to be denied, I compel, I have stores plenty and to spare,

And any thing I have I bestow.

You can do nothing and be nothing but what I will infold you.

On his right cheek I put the family kiss,

And in my soul I swear I never will deny him.

(This day I am jetting the stuff of far more arrogant republics.)

Turn the bed-clothes toward the foot of the bed,

Let the physician and the priest go home.

O despairer, here is my neck,

By God, you shall not go down! hang your whole weight upon me.

Every room of the house do I fill with an arm'd force,

Lovers of me, bafflers of graves.

Not doubt, not decease shall dare to lay finger upon you,

I have embraced you, and henceforth possess you to myself,

And when you rise in the morning you will find what I tell you is so.

And for strong upright men I bring yet more needed help.

Heard it and heard it of several thousand years;

It is middling well as far as it goes--but is that all?

Outbidding at the start the old cautious hucksters,

Taking myself the exact dimensions of Jehovah,

Lithographing Kronos, Zeus his son, and Hercules his grandson,

Buying drafts of Osiris, Isis, Belus, Brahma, Buddha,

In my portfolio placing Manito loose, Allah on a leaf, the crucifix.

With Odin and the hideous-faced Mexitli and every idol and image,

Taking them all for what they are worth and not a cent more,

Admitting they were alive and did the work of their days,

(They bore mites as for unfledg'd birds who have now to rise and fly.

and sing for themselves,)

Accepting the rough deific sketches to fill out better in myself,

bestowing them freely on each man and woman I see,

Discovering as much or more in a framer framing a house,

Putting higher claims for him there with his roll'd-up sleeves.

driving the mallet and chisel,

Not objecting to special revelations, considering a curl of smoke or.

a hair on the back of my hand just as curious as any revelation,

Lads ahold of fire-engines and hook-and-ladder ropes no less to me.

than the gods of the antique wars,

Minding their voices peal through the crash of destruction,

Their brawny limbs passing safe over charr'd laths, their white.

foreheads whole and unhurt out of the flames;

By the mechanic's wife with her babe at her nipple interceding for.

every person born,

Three scythes at harvest whizzing in a row from three lusty angels.

with shirts bagg'd out at their waists,

The snag-tooth'd hostler with red hair redeeming sins past and to come,

Selling all he possesses, traveling on foot to fee lawyers for his.

brother and sit by him while he is tried for forgery;

What was strewn in the amplest strewing the square rod about me, and.

not filling the square rod then,

The bull and the bug never worshipp'd half enough,

Dung and dirt more admirable than was dream'd,

The supernatural of no account, myself waiting my time to be one of.

The day getting ready for me when I shall do as much good as the.

best, and be as prodigious;

By my life-lumps! becoming already a creator,

Putting myself here and now to the ambush'd womb of the shadows.

My own voice, orotund sweeping and final.

Come my boys and girls, my women, household and intimates,

Now the performer launches his nerve, he has pass'd his prelude on.

the reeds within.

climax and close.

Music rolls, but not from the organ,

Folks are around me, but they are no household of mine.

Ever the eaters and drinkers, ever the upward and downward sun, ever.

the air and the ceaseless tides,

Ever myself and my neighbors, refreshing, wicked, real,

Ever the old inexplicable query, ever that thorn'd thumb, that.

breath of itches and thirsts,

Ever the vexer's hoot! hoot! till we find where the sly one hides.

and bring him forth,

Ever love, ever the sobbing liquid of life,

Ever the bandage under the chin, ever the trestles of death.

To feed the greed of the belly the brains liberally spooning,

Tickets buying, taking, selling, but in to the feast never once going,

Many sweating, ploughing, thrashing, and then the chaff for payment.

A few idly owning, and they the wheat continually claiming.

Whatever interests the rest interests me, politics, wars, markets,

The mayor and councils, banks, tariffs, steamships, factories,

stocks, stores, real estate and personal estate.

I am aware who they are, (they are positively not worms or fleas,)

I acknowledge the duplicates of myself, the weakest and shallowest.

is deathless with me,

What I do and say the same waits for them,

Every thought that flounders in me the same flounders in them.

Know my omnivorous lines and must not write any less,

And would fetch you whoever you are flush with myself.

But abruptly to question, to leap beyond yet nearer bring;

This printed and bound book--but the printer and the.

The well-taken photographs--but your wife or friend close and solid.

The black ship mail'd with iron, her mighty guns in her turrets--but.

the pluck of the captain and engineers?

In the houses the dishes and fare and furniture--but the host and.

hostess, and the look out of their eyes?

The sky up there--yet here or next door, or across the way?

The saints and sages in history--but you yourself?

Sermons, creeds, theology--but the fathomless human brain,

And what is reason? and what is love? and what is life?

My faith is the greatest of faiths and the least of faiths,

Enclosing worship ancient and modern and all between ancient and modern,

Believing I shall come again upon the earth after five thousand years,

Waiting responses from oracles, honoring the gods, saluting the sun,

Making a fetich of the first rock or stump, powowing with sticks in.

the circle of obis,

Helping the llama or brahmin as he trims the lamps of the idols,

Dancing yet through the streets in a phallic procession, rapt and.

austere in the woods a gymnosophist,

Drinking mead from the skull-cap, to Shastas and Vedas admirant,

minding the Koran,

Walking the teokallis, spotted with gore from the stone and knife,

beating the serpent-skin drum,

Accepting the Gospels, accepting him that was crucified, knowing.

assuredly that he is divine,

To the mass kneeling or the puritan's prayer rising, or sitting.

patiently in a pew,

Ranting and frothing in my insane crisis, or waiting dead-like till.

my spirit arouses me,

Looking forth on pavement and land, or outside of pavement and land,

Belonging to the winders of the circuit of circuits.

man leaving charges before a journey.

Frivolous, sullen, moping, angry, affected, dishearten'd, atheistical,

I know every one of you, I know the sea of torment, doubt, despair.

How they contort rapid as lightning, with spasms and spouts of blood!

I take my place among you as much as among any,

The past is the push of you, me, all, precisely the same,

And what is yet untried and afterward is for you, me, all, precisely.

But I know it will in its turn prove sufficient, and cannot fail.

single one can it fall.

Nor the young woman who died and was put by his side,

Nor the little child that peep'd in at the door, and then drew back.

and was never seen again,

Nor the old man who has lived without purpose, and feels it with.

bitterness worse than gall,

Nor him in the poor house tubercled by rum and the bad disorder,

Nor the numberless slaughter'd and wreck'd, nor the brutish koboo.

call'd the ordure of humanity,

Nor the sacs merely floating with open mouths for food to slip in,

Nor any thing in the earth, or down in the oldest graves of the earth,

Nor any thing in the myriads of spheres, nor the myriads of myriads.

that inhabit them,

Nor the present, nor the least wisp that is known.

I launch all men and women forward with me into the Unknown.

There are trillions ahead, and trillions ahead of them.

And other births will bring us richness and variety.

That which fills its period and place is equal to any.

I am sorry for you, they are not murderous or jealous upon me,

All has been gentle with me, I keep no account with lamentation,

(What have I to do with lamentation?)

On every step bunches of ages, and larger bunches between the steps,

All below duly travel'd, and still I mount and mount.

Afar down I see the huge first Nothing, I know I was even there,

I waited unseen and always, and slept through the lethargic mist,

And took my time, and took no hurt from the fetid carbon.

Faithful and friendly the arms that have help'd me.

For room to me stars kept aside in their own rings,

They sent influences to look after what was to hold me.

My embryo has never been torpid, nothing could overlay it.

The long slow strata piled to rest it on,

Vast vegetables gave it sustenance,

Monstrous sauroids transported it in their mouths and deposited it.

Now on this spot I stand with my robust soul.

O manhood, balanced, florid and full.

Crowding my lips, thick in the pores of my skin,

Jostling me through streets and public halls, coming naked to me at night,

Crying by day, Ahoy! from the rocks of the river, swinging and.

chirping over my head,

Calling my name from flower-beds, vines, tangled underbrush,

Lighting on every moment of my life,

Bussing my body with soft balsamic busses,

Noiselessly passing handfuls out of their hearts and giving them to be mine.

after and out of itself,

And the dark hush promulges as much as any.

And all I see multiplied as high as I can cipher edge but the rim of.

the farther systems.

Outward and outward and forever outward.

He joins with his partners a group of superior circuit,

And greater sets follow, making specks of the greatest inside them.

If I, you, and the worlds, and all beneath or upon their surfaces,

were this moment reduced back to a pallid float, it would.

not avail the long run,

We should surely bring up again where we now stand,

And surely go as much farther, and then farther and farther.

not hazard the span or make it impatient,

They are but parts, any thing is but a part.

Count ever so much, there is limitless time around that.

The Lord will be there and wait till I come on perfect terms,

The great Camerado, the lover true for whom I pine will be there.

never will be measured.

My signs are a rain-proof coat, good shoes, and a staff cut from the woods,

No friend of mine takes his ease in my chair,

I have no chair, no church, no philosophy,

I lead no man to a dinner-table, library, exchange,

But each man and each woman of you I lead upon a knoll,

My left hand hooking you round the waist,

My right hand pointing to landscapes of continents and the public road.

You must travel it for yourself.

Perhaps you have been on it since you were born and did not know,

Perhaps it is everywhere on water and on land.

Wonderful cities and free nations we shall fetch as we go.

And in due time you shall repay the same service to me,

For after we start we never lie by again.

And I said to my spirit When we become the enfolders of those orbs,

and the pleasure and knowledge of every thing in them, shall we.

be fill'd and satisfied then?

And my spirit said No, we but level that lift to pass and continue beyond.

I answer that I cannot answer, you must find out for yourself.

Here are biscuits to eat and here is milk to drink,

But as soon as you sleep and renew yourself in sweet clothes, I kiss you.

with a good-by kiss and open the gate for your egress hence.

Now I wash the gum from your eyes,

You must habit yourself to the dazzle of the light and of every.

moment of your life.

Now I will you to be a bold swimmer,

To jump off in the midst of the sea, rise again, nod to me, shout,

and laughingly dash with your hair.

He that by me spreads a wider breast than my own proves the width of my own,

He most honors my style who learns under it to destroy the teacher.

but in his own right,

Wicked rather than virtuous out of conformity or fear,

Fond of his sweetheart, relishing well his steak,

Unrequited love or a slight cutting him worse than sharp steel cuts,

First-rate to ride, to fight, to hit the bull's eye, to sail a.

skiff, to sing a song or play on the banjo,

Preferring scars and the beard and faces pitted with small-pox over.

And those well-tann'd to those that keep out of the sun.

I follow you whoever you are from the present hour,

My words itch at your ears till you understand them.

I wait for a boat,

(It is you talking just as much as myself, I act as the tongue of you,

Tied in your mouth, in mine it begins to be loosen'd.)

And I swear I will never translate myself at all, only to him or her.

who privately stays with me in the open air.

The nearest gnat is an explanation, and a drop or motion of waves key,

The maul, the oar, the hand-saw, second my words.

But roughs and little children better than they.

The woodman that takes his axe and jug with him shall take me with.

The farm-boy ploughing in the field feels good at the sound of my voice,

In vessels that sail my words sail, I go with fishermen and seamen.

On the night ere the pending battle many seek me, and I do not fail them,

On that solemn night (it may be their last) those that know me seek me.

My face rubs to the hunter's face when he lies down alone in his blanket,

The driver thinking of me does not mind the jolt of his wagon,

The young mother and old mother comprehend me,

The girl and the wife rest the needle a moment and forget where they are,

They and all would resume what I have told them.

And I have said that the body is not more than the soul,

And nothing, not God, is greater to one than one's self is,

And whoever walks a furlong without sympathy walks to his own.

funeral drest in his shroud,

And I or you pocketless of a dime may purchase the pick of the earth,

And to glance with an eye or show a bean in its pod confounds the.

learning of all times,

And there is no trade or employment but the young man following it.

may become a hero,

And there is no object so soft but it makes a hub for the wheel'd universe,

And I say to any man or woman, Let your soul stand cool and composed.

before a million universes.

For I who am curious about each am not curious about God,

(No array of terms can say how much I am at peace about God and.

Nor do I understand who there can be more wonderful than myself.

I see something of God each hour of the twenty-four, and each moment then,

In the faces of men and women I see God, and in my own face in the glass,

I find letters from God dropt in the street, and every one is sign'd.

And I leave them where they are, for I know that wheresoe'er I go,

Others will punctually come for ever and ever.

try to alarm me.

I see the elder-hand pressing receiving supporting,

I recline by the sills of the exquisite flexible doors,

And mark the outlet, and mark the relief and escape.

I smell the white roses sweet-scented and growing,

I reach to the leafy lips, I reach to the polish'd breasts of melons.

(No doubt I have died myself ten thousand times before.)

O suns--O grass of graves--O perpetual transfers and promotions,

If you do not say any thing how can I say any thing?

Of the moon that descends the steeps of the soughing twilight,

Toss, sparkles of day and dusk--toss on the black stems that decay.

Toss to the moaning gibberish of the dry limbs.

I perceive that the ghastly glimmer is noonday sunbeams reflected,

And debouch to the steady and central from the offspring great or small.

I sleep--I sleep long.

It is not in any dictionary, utterance, symbol.

To it the creation is the friend whose embracing awakes me.

It is not chaos or death--it is form, union, plan--it is eternal.

life--it is Happiness.

And proceed to fill my next fold of the future.

Look in my face while I snuff the sidle of evening,

(Talk honestly, no one else hears you, and I stay only a minute longer.)

Very well then I contradict myself,

(I am large, I contain multitudes.)

Who wishes to walk with me?

and my loitering.

I sound my barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world.

It flings my likeness after the rest and true as any on the shadow'd wilds,

It coaxes me to the vapor and the dusk.

I effuse my flesh in eddies, and drift it in lacy jags.

If you want me again look for me under your boot-soles.

But I shall be good health to you nevertheless,

And filter and fibre your blood.

Missing me one place search another,

I stop somewhere waiting for you.

DayPoems Poem No. 1900.

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понедельник, 30 апреля 2018 г.